References
to “Home Properties,” “we” or “us” in this prospectus mean, unless the context
otherwise requires, Home Properties, Inc., a Maryland corporation, Home
Properties, L.P., a New York limited partnership (the “Operating Partnership”),
and their subsidiaries.
HOME
PROPERTIES
Home
Properties is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust,
a REIT. We own, operate, acquire, develop and rehabilitate apartment
communities. Our properties are regionally focused primarily in
select Northeast, Mid-Atlantic and southeast Florida markets of the United
States. We were formed in November 1993.
We
conduct our business through Home Properties, L.P., which we refer to as the
Operating Partnership, a New York limited partnership, and a management company,
Home Properties Residential Services, Inc., a Maryland
corporation. We held a 71.4% partnership interest as of
December 31, 2006. (We calculated our interest as a percentage
of our outstanding shares of common stock divided by the total number of
outstanding shares of common stock and limited partnership units in the
Operating Partnership).
As of
December 31, 2006, we operated 127 communities with 31,136 apartment
units. Of these, 36,954 units in 123 communities are owned outright
and 868 units in one community are managed and partially owned by us as general
partner, and 1,314 units in three communities are managed for other
owners.
Our
principal executive offices are located at 850 Clinton Square, Rochester, New
York 14604. Our telephone number is (585) 246-4900.
RISK
FACTORS
Our
business is subject to uncertainties and risks. Please carefully
consider the risk factors described in our periodic reports filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, including the risk factors incorporated by
reference from our most recent annual report on Form 10-K, as updated by our
quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as well as other information we include or
incorporate by reference in this prospectus. See “Where You Can Find
More Information” below. The prospectus supplement with respect to
any securities issued under this prospectus may also disclose additional risk
factors. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us
or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business
operations. The risk factors we describe contain or refer to certain
forward-looking statements. You should review the explanation of the
limitations of forward-looking statements contained in the “Special Note
Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
ABOUT
THIS PROSPECTUS
This
prospectus is part of a registration statement filed by us with the Securities
and Exchange Commission, or SEC. You should read this prospectus
together with the applicable prospective supplement and additional information
described under the heading “Where You Can Find More Information.” You should
rely only on the information incorporated by reference or provided in this
prospectus. We have not, no selling shareholder has, and no underwriter has
authorized anyone else to provide you with different or additional information.
We or any selling securities holders are not, and the underwriter is not, making
an offer of the shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not
permitted.
You
should not assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate as of any
date other than the date on the front of this prospectus. Other information
filed by us with the SEC is incorporated into this prospectus by reference. You
should assume that the reports and documents incorporated by reference are
accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business, financial condition,
results of operations, risk factors and forward-looking information may have
changed since these dates.
Documents
which are exhibits to or incorporated by reference into this prospectus and the
reports incorporated by reference may contain representations, warranties and
agreements. Those representations, warranties and agreements were made solely
for the benefit of the parties to those documents and may be subject to
qualifications and limitations, and are not a representation, warranty or
agreement for your benefit.
SPECIAL
NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This
prospectus contains, or incorporates by reference, statements that may be deemed
to be “forward-looking” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities
Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934. Some examples of forward-looking statements include statements
related to future capital expenditures, financing sources and availability and
the effects of environmental and other regulations. Although we
believe expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are based on
reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be
achieved. Factors that may cause actual results to differ
include:
·
|
general
economic and local real estate conditions and the
weather,
|
·
|
other
conditions that might affect operating
expenses,
|
·
|
timely
completion of repositioning activities and development within anticipated
budgets,
|
·
|
the
actual pace of future acquisitions, sales and developments,
and
|
·
|
continued
access to capital to fund growth.
|
For this
purpose, any statements contained in this prospectus or incorporated herein by
reference that are not statements of historical fact should be considered to be
forward-looking statements. Some of the words used to identify
forward-looking statements include “believes”, “anticipates”, “plans”,
“expects”, “seeks”, “estimates”, and similar expressions. You should
exercise caution in interpreting and relying on forward-looking statements since
they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which are,
in some cases, beyond our control and could materially affect our actual
results, performance or achievements. Additional factors which may
cause our actual results to vary from our expectations are described under “Risk
Factors”. Our actual results could differ materially from those set
forth in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in,
or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus are made only as of the date
of this prospectus, or the documents from which they are incorporated, and we
undertake no obligation to update these forward looking statements to reflect
new information, future events, or other matters.
WHERE
YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file
annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and other information
with the SEC. You may read and copy reports, statements or other
information at the SEC’s public reference facilities in Washington D.C., at
100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C. 20549. You may call the
SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference
facilities. Our SEC filings are also available to the public from
commercial document retrieval services and at the web site maintained by the SEC
at http://www.sec.gov. You can also review copies of our SEC filings
at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., 20 Broad Street, New York,
New York 10005.
We have
filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 to register the
securities. This prospectus is part of that registration statement
and, as permitted by the SEC’s rules, does not contain all the information set
forth in the registration statement. For further information you may
refer to the registration statement and to the exhibits and schedules filed as
part of the registration statement. You can review and copy the
registration statement and its exhibits and schedules at the public reference
facilities maintained by the SEC as described above. The registration
statement, including its exhibits and schedules, is also available on the SEC’s
web site. We will also file and distribute a prospectus supplement
with respect to any securities we, or a selling securities holder, may sell
under the registration statement. This prospectus must be read with
the applicable prospectus supplement.
The SEC
allows us to incorporate by reference the information we file with it, which
means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to
those documents. The information incorporated by reference is
considered to be part of this prospectus and the information that we file with
the SEC later will automatically update and supersede this
information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below
and any future filings we make with the SEC under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14
or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) (other
than, in each case, documents or information deemed to have been furnished and
not filed in accordance with SEC rules):
·
|
Our
annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31,
2006;
|
·
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Current
Reports on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2007 and March 15,
2007;
|
·
|
Our
definitive proxy statement dated April 2, 2007 and filed with the SEC
on March 27, 2007; and
|
·
|
The
description of the common stock set forth in our registration statement on
Form 8-A, dated June 8, 1994 including all amendments and
reports filed for the purpose of updating that
description.
|
You may
request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at:
Home Properties, Inc., Attention: Shareholder Services, 850 Clinton
Square, Rochester, New York 14604; telephone number (585) 546-4900.
USE OF
PROCEEDS
Unless
otherwise specified in a prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net
proceeds from the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus and any
accompanying prospectus supplement for general corporate purposes, which may
include the repayment of indebtedness, working capital, capital expenditures,
acquisitions and the repurchase of shares of our equity securities. Pending use
for these purposes, we may invest proceeds from the sale of the securities in
short-term marketable securities. The precise amount and timing of sales of any
securities will be dependent on market conditions and the availability and cost
of other funds to us.
If
selling securities holders make offers and sales pursuant to this prospectus and
an applicable prospectus supplement, we will not receive any of the proceeds of
that offering. We will incur certain expenses in connection with the
registration with the SEC of the securities to be sold by the selling securities
holders and preparation of the applicable prospectus supplement pursuant to the
terms of certain agreements we made with those securities holders at the time
they acquired their securities.
RATIO OF
EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES
The
following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to fixed charges for each of
the periods indicated. For purposes of calculating this ratio, earnings consist
of income (loss) before income taxes, plus fixed charges, less capitalized
interest. Fixed charges include interest expense (including the amortization of
debt issuance costs), the portion of rent expense representative of the interest
factor, and capitalized interest.
Year
Ended December 31,
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
1.56x
|
1.44x
|
1.37x
|
1.29x
|
1.32x
|
Additional
information regarding the calculation of the ratio of earnings to fixed charges
is contained in the “Statement of calculation of the ratio of earnings to fixed
charges” filed as Exhibit 12.1 to the registration statement of which this
prospectus forms a part. See “Where you can find more information”
above.
RATIO
OF EARNINGS TO COMBINED FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS
The
following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and
preferred stock dividends for each of the periods indicated is as
follows:
Year
Ended December 31,
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
1.31x
|
1.27x
|
1.27x
|
1.22x
|
1.26x
|
The
ratios of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends were
computed by dividing earnings by combined fixed charges and preferred stock
dividends. For this purpose, earnings consist of pre-tax income from continuing
operations before adjustment for minority interests in consolidated subsidiaries
plus fixed charges less capitalized interest. Fixed charges consist of interest
expense (including the amortization of debt issuance costs) , the portion of
rent expense representative of the interest factor, and capitalized
interest.
During
the five year period covered by the table above, the following series of our
preferred stock of were outstanding until their redemption, as noted
below:
·
|
2,000,000 shares
of 8.36% Series B convertible cumulative preferred stock were issued
in September 1999, of which 1,000,000 were converted into 839,771 shares
of common stock in February 2002. The remaining 1,000,000 were
repurchased by the Company in May 2002 at an amount equivalent to 839,772
shares of common stock (as if the preferred shares had been
converted);
|
·
|
600,000 shares
of 8.75% Series C convertible cumulative preferred stock were issued
in May and June of 2000, all of which were converted into 1,983,471 shares
of common stock in during 2003;
|
·
|
250,000 shares
of 8.78% Series D convertible cumulative preferred stock were issued
in June 2000, all of which were converted into 833,333 shares of common
stock in May 2005;
|
·
|
300,000
shares of 8.55% Series E convertible cumulative preferred stock were
issued in December 2000, of which 63,200 were converted into 200,000
shares of common stock in August 2002; in May 2003 and August 2003, 36,800
and 200,000 were converted into 116,456 and 632,911 shares of common
stock, respectively; and,
|
·
|
2,400,000 shares
of 9.00% Series F cumulative redeemable preferred stock were issued
in March 2002, all of which were redeemed in March
2007.
|
Additional
information regarding the calculation of the ratio of earnings to combined fixed
charges and preferred stock dividends is contained in the “Statement of
calculation of the ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred
stock dividends” filed as Exhibit 12.2 to the registration statement of which
this prospectus forms a part. See “Where you can find more
information” above.
DESCRIPTION
OF CAPITAL STOCK
The
authorized capital stock of Home Properties consists of:
·
|
80
million shares of common stock, $0.01 par value, of which 33,198,569
shares were outstanding on March 31,
2007;
|
·
|
10
million shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value, none of which were
outstanding as of March 31,
2007.
|
·
|
10
million shares of “excess stock,” $0.01 par value, none of which were
outstanding on March 31, 2007.
|
For more
detail about our Articles of Amendment and Restatement of Articles of
Incorporation (sometimes referred to as our “Articles of Incorporation” or
“charter”) and bylaws you should refer to the charter and bylaws, which have
been filed as exhibits to other reports incorporated by reference into this
prospectus. In addition, for a discussion of limitations on the ownership of our
capital stock, you should refer to the section entitled “Restrictions on
Transfer; Ownership Limits” in this prospectus.
Common
Stock
General
All of
the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus will be duly authorized,
fully paid, and nonassessable when issued. Holders of the common stock have no
conversion, redemption, sinking fund or preemptive rights; however, shares of
common stock in excess of certain ownership limits automatically convert into
shares of Excess Stock as defined below. Under the Maryland General Corporation
Law (“MGCL”), stockholders are generally not liable for our debts or
obligations, and the holders of shares will not be liable for further calls or
assessments by us. Subject to the provisions of our Articles of
Incorporation regarding Excess Stock, described below, all shares of common
stock have equal dividend, distribution, liquidation and other rights and will
have no preference or exchange rights.
Distributions
Subject
to the right of holders of Preferred Stock outstanding from time to time to
receive preferential distributions, holders of shares of common stock are
entitled to receive distributions in the form of dividends if and when declared
by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available for that purpose, and,
upon liquidation of Home Properties, each outstanding share of common stock will
be entitled to participate pro rata in the assets remaining after payment of, or
adequate provision for, all of our known debts and liabilities, including debts
and liabilities arising out of our status as general partner of the Operating
Partnership, and any liquidation preference of issued and outstanding Preferred
Stock. We intend to continue paying quarterly
distributions.
Voting
Rights
The
holder of each outstanding share of common stock is entitled to one vote on all
matters presented to stockholders for a vote, subject to the provisions of our
Articles of Incorporation regarding Excess Stock described below. As
described below, our Board of Directors has, and may in the future, grant
holders of one or more series of Preferred Stock the right to vote with respect
to certain matters when it fixes the attributes of such series of Preferred
Stock. Pursuant to the MGCL, we cannot dissolve, amend our charter, merge with
or into another entity, sell all or substantially all our assets, engage in a
share exchange or engage in similar transactions unless such action is approved
by stockholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on
such matter. In addition, the Second Amended and Restated Partnership Agreement
of the Operating Partnership, as amended, requires that any merger or sale of
all or substantially all of the assets of Operating Partnership be approved by
partners holding a majority of the outstanding Units, excluding Operating
Partnership Units held by us, directly or indirectly. Our Articles of
Incorporation provide that our Bylaws may be amended by our Board of
Directors.
The
holder of each outstanding share of common stock is entitled to one vote in the
election of directors who serve for terms of one year. Holders of the shares of
common stock will have no right to cumulative voting for the election of
directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of stockholders, the holders of
a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors will be
able to elect all of the directors, subject to certain rights of the holders of
preferred stock, described below. Directors may be removed only for cause and
only with the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares
entitled to vote in the election of directors.
Restrictions
on Ownership
In order
for us to maintain our status as a REIT under the Code, there are restrictions
on the concentration of ownership of our capital stock. See the
description under “Excess Stock – Ownership Limits” below.
Preferred
Stock
General
We may
issue shares of preferred stock from time to time, in one or more series, as
authorized by our Board of Directors. The Board of Directors will fix
the attributes of any preferred stock that it authorizes for
issuance. Because the Board of Directors has the power to establish
the preferences and rights of each series of preferred stock, it may afford the
holders of any series of preferred stock preferences, powers and rights, voting
or otherwise, senior to the rights of holders of shares of common
stock. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of
delaying or preventing a change in control of Home Properties.
Terms
We will
include in the prospectus supplement relating to any offering of a series of
preferred stock the specific terms of that series, including:
·
|
its
title and stated value;
|
·
|
the
number of shares of preferred stock offered, the liquidation preference
per share, if applicable, and the offering
price;
|
·
|
the
applicable dividend rate or amount, period and payment date or method of
calculation thereof;
|
·
|
the
date from which dividends on that series preferred stock shall accumulate,
if applicable;
|
·
|
any
procedures for auction and
remarketing;
|
·
|
any
provision for a sinking fund;
|
·
|
any
applicable provision for redemption of that series of preferred
stock;
|
·
|
the
terms of any preference of the offered series of preferred stock over
other capital stock in the payment of distributions or upon our
liquidation;
|
·
|
the
terms and conditions of conversion into common stock or any other of
securities, including the conversion price or rate or manner of
calculation thereof;
|
·
|
the
relative ranking and preference as to dividend rights and rights upon our
liquidation, dissolution or the winding up of our
affairs;
|
·
|
any
limitations on issuance of any series of preferred stock ranking senior to
or on a parity with such series of preferred stock as to dividend rights
and rights upon our liquidation, dissolution or the winding up of our
affairs;
|
·
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any
limitations on direct or beneficial ownership and restrictions on
transfer, in each case as may be appropriate to preserve our status as a
REIT; and
|
·
|
any
other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations or
restrictions.
|
Excess
Stock
Ownership
Limits
Our
charter contains certain restrictions on the number of shares of capital stock
that stockholders may own. For us to qualify as a REIT under the
Code, no more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares of capital stock may
be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in
the Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a taxable year or
during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. The shares of
our capital stock must also be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during
at least 335 days of a taxable year or during a proportionate part of a shorter
taxable year. Because we expect to continue to qualify as a REIT, our
charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of shares of our
capital stock intended to ensure compliance with these
requirements. Subject to certain exceptions specified in the charter,
no holder may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions
of the Code, more than 8.0%, referred to as the Ownership Limit, of the value of
the issued and outstanding shares of our capital stock. Certain
entities, such as qualified pension plans, are treated as if their beneficial
owners were the holders of the common stock held by such
entities. Certain holders are accepted from the Ownership Limit in
our charter. Others may be accepted by action of our Board of
Directors.
Our Board
of Directors may increase or decrease the Ownership Limit from time to time, but
may not do so to the extent that after giving effect to such increase or
decrease: (i) five beneficial owners of Shares could beneficially own in
the aggregate more than 49.5% of the aggregate value of our outstanding capital
or (ii) any beneficial owner of capital stock would violate the Ownership
Limit as a result of a decrease. The Board of Directors may waive the
Ownership Limit with respect to a holder if such holder provides evidence
acceptable to the Board of Directors that such holder’s ownership will not
jeopardize our status as a REIT. Waivers of the Ownership Limit have
been granted to certain institutional investors in connection with prior sales
of our certain series of our Preferred Stock, none of which are currently
outstanding.
Any
transfer of our outstanding capital stock that would:
·
|
cause
any holder, directly or by attribution, to own capital stock having a
value in excess of the Ownership
Limit,
|
·
|
result
in shares of capital stock other than Excess Stock, if any, to be owned by
fewer than 100 persons,
|
·
|
result
in our being closely held within the meaning of section 856(h) of the
Code, or
|
·
|
otherwise
prevent us from satisfying any criteria necessary for us to qualify as a
REIT,
|
is null
and void, and the purported transferee acquires no rights to such outstanding
capital stock.
Conversion
to Excess Shares
Outstanding
stock owned by or attributable to a stockholder or shares purportedly
transferred to a holder which cause such holder or any other holder to own
shares of capital stock in excess of the Ownership Limit automatically convert
into shares of Excess Stock. Upon issuance, Excess Stock is
transferred by operation of law to a separate trust, with Home Properties acting
as trustee, for the exclusive benefit of the person to whom such outstanding
stock may be ultimately transferred without violating the Ownership
Limit. Excess Stock is not treasury stock, but rather constitutes a
separate class of issued and outstanding stock of Home
Properties. While the Excess Stock is held in trust, it is not
entitled to vote, is not considered for purposes of any stockholder vote or the
determination of a quorum for such vote and is not entitled to participate in
dividends or other distributions. Any record owner or purported
transferee of stock which has converted into Excess Stock who receives a
distribution prior to our discovery that such stock has been converted into
Excess Stock must repay such dividend or distribution upon demand.
Repurchase
Right with Respect to Excess Stock
While
Excess Stock is held in trust, we will have the right to purchase it from the
trust for the lesser of:
·
|
the
price paid for the Outstanding Stock which converted into Excess Stock by
the Excess Holder (or the market value of the Outstanding Stock on the
date of conversion if no consideration was given for the Outstanding
Stock) or
|
·
|
the
market price of shares of capital stock equivalent to the Outstanding
Stock which converted into Excess Stock (as determined in the manner set
forth in the Articles of Incorporation) on the date we exercise our option
to purchase.
|
We must
exercise this right within the 90-day period beginning on the date on which we
receive written notice of the transfer or other event resulting in the
conversion of Outstanding Stock into Excess Stock.
Effect of
Liquidation
Upon our
liquidation, distributions will be made with respect to such Excess Stock as if
it consisted of the outstanding stock from which it was converted.
Other
Terms of Excess Stock
Our
Articles of Incorporation contain other terms relating to Excess Stock, which
are incorporated herein by reference.
Antitakover
Effect of Ownership Limits
The
ownership and transfer limitations contained in our Articles of Incorporation in
order to permit us to preserve our REIT status, may have the effect of
precluding acquisition of control of Home Properties without the consent of our
Board of Directors. All certificates representing shares of capital
stock will bear a legend referring to the ownership restrictions. The
restrictions on transferability and ownership will not apply if the Board of
Directors determines, and the stockholders concur, that it is no longer in our
best interests to attempt to qualify, or to continue to qualify, as a
REIT. Approval of the limited partners of the Operating Partnership
to terminate REIT status is also required.
Certain
Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The
following is a summary of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our charter
and bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are incorporated by reference into
the exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
See “Where You Can Find More Information.”
The Board
of Directors
Our
Articles of Incorporation and bylaws provide that our board of directors will
set the number of directors, not be fewer than the minimum number permitted
under the MGCL (generally, one) nor more than 12. Except any vacancy
among directors elected separately by a separate class of shares, any vacancy
may be filled, at any regular meeting or at any special meeting called for that
purpose, by a majority of the remaining directors, even if the remaining
directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy
will serve for the remainder of the full term of the directorship in which such
vacancy occurred.
Pursuant
to our charter, each member of our board of directors will serve one year terms,
and until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified. Holders of
shares of our common stock have no right to cumulative voting in the election of
directors and directors are elected by a plurality of votes cast in the election
of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of stockholders at which our
board of directors is elected, the holders of a majority of the shares of our
common stock are able to elect all of the members of our board of
directors. Our charter permits our stockholders to remove a director
but only for cause and then only upon the affirmative vote of a majority of the
shares of our common stock entitled to vote on any such proposal.
Ownership
Reports
Every
owner of more than 5% of our issued and outstanding shares of capital stock must
file a written notice with us containing the information specified in the
Articles of Incorporation no later than January 31 of each year. In
addition, each stockholder is required to disclose to us in writing such
information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such
stockholder’s direct, indirect and attributed ownership of shares of capital
stock on our status as a REIT or to comply with any requirements of any taxing
authority or other governmental agency.
Termination
of REIT Status
Our board
of directors, under our Articles of Incorporation, is prohibited from taking any
action to terminate our REIT status or to amend the provisions of our Articles
of Incorporation regarding excess stock unless such action is approved by the
board of directors, presented to an annual or special meeting of stockholders
and approved by vote of a majority of votes entitled to be cast.
Business
Combinations
Maryland
law prohibits “business combinations” between a corporation and an interested
stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after
the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested
stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation,
statutory share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, certain
transfers of assets, certain stock issuances and transfers, liquidation plans
and reclassifications involving interested stockholders and their affiliates.
Maryland law defines an interested stockholder as:
·
|
any
person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our voting
stock; or
|
·
|
an
affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the
two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of
10% or more of the voting power of the then-outstanding voting stock of
the corporation.
|
A person
is not an interested stockholder if the board of directors approves in advance
the transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested
stockholder. However, in approving the transaction, the board of directors may
provide that its approval is subject to compliance, at or after the time of
approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board of
directors.
After the
five year prohibition, any business combination between a corporation and an
interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors
and approved by the affirmative vote of at least:
·
|
80%
of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then outstanding shares
of common stock; and
|
·
|
two-thirds
of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the common stock other than
shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose
affiliate the business combination is to be effected or shares held by an
affiliate or associate of the interested
stockholder.
|
These
super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the common stockholders receive
a minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of
cash or other consideration in the same form as previously paid by the
interested stockholder for its shares.
The
statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business
combinations that are approved by the board of directors before the time that
the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder.
Our
Articles of Incorporation exclude business combinations between the corporation
and our founders, Norman and Nelson Leenhouts and their affiliates from these
provisions of the MGCL and, consequently, the five-year prohibition and the
super-majority vote requirements will not apply to business combinations between
us and the founders or their affiliates. We believe that our ownership
restrictions will substantially reduce the risk that a stockholder would become
an “interested stockholder” within the meaning of the Maryland business
combination statute.
Unsolicited
Takeovers
The MGCL
permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered
under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and at least three independent
directors to elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a
resolution of its board of directors, and notwithstanding any contrary provision
in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of the following five
provisions:
§
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a
two-thirds vote requirement for removing a
director;
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§
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a
requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the
directors;
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§
|
a
requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the remaining
directors and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors
in which the vacancy occurred; and
|
§
|
a
majority requirement for the calling by stockholders of a special meeting
of stockholders.
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Through
provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already
(a) vest in the board the exclusive power to fix the number of members of
the board of directors and (b) require, unless called by our chairman of
the board, our president, the board, the request of holders of 25% outstanding
shares to call a special meeting. We have not elected to be subject
to the provisions of Subtitle 8 relating to the filling of vacancies on the
board.
Amendment
to Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws
Our
charter may be amended only if declared advisable by the board of directors and
approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of all of
the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our bylaws may only be
adopted, amended, altered or repealed by the board of directors.
Dissolution
of Our Company
The
dissolution of Home Properties must be declared advisable by the board of
directors and approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than a
majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Effect of
Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The
business combination provisions of the MGCL, the provisions of our charter
regarding the restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock and the
provisions of our bylaws setting the number of members of the board of directors
could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our
company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or
otherwise be in their best interest. Likewise, if our board of
directors resolves to avail any of the provisions of the MGCL not currently
applicable to us or if the provision in the Articles of Incorporation opting out
of the control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL were rescinded, these
provisions of the MGCL could have similar effects.
Indemnification
and Limitation of Directors’ and Officers’ Liability
As
Maryland law permits, our Articles of Incorporation contain a provision limiting
the liability of our directors and officers to us for money damages to the
fullest extent permitted under Maryland law. Maryland law permits
full limitation of the liability of directors or officers for money damage
except for liability resulting from (i) actual receipt of an improper
benefit or profit in money, property or services or (ii) active and
deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment and material to the cause
of action.
The MGCL
requires a corporation to indemnify a director or officer who has been
successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding to
which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason of his or
her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to
indemnify its present and former directors and officers, among others, against
judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses actually
incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made a
party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is
established that:
§
|
an
act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter
giving rise to the proceeding and was committed in bad faith; or was the
result of active and deliberate
dishonesty;
|
§
|
the
director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in
money, property or services; or
|
§
|
in
the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had
reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was
unlawful.
|
However,
under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment
in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability
on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either
case a court orders indemnification and then only for expenses.
In
addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to, and our bylaws require us to,
advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporation’s
receipt of:
§
|
a
written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith
belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for
indemnification by the corporation;
and
|
§
|
a
written undertaking by the director or officer or on the director’s or
officer’s behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation
if it is ultimately determined that the director or officer did not meet
the standard of conduct.
|
We
entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and
directors whereby we indemnify such executive officers and directors to the
fullest extent permitted by Maryland law against all expenses and liabilities,
subject to limited exceptions. These indemnification agreements also
provide that upon an application for indemnity by an executive officer or
director to a court of appropriate jurisdiction, such court may order us to
indemnify such executive officer or director.
Insofar
as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or
persons controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, the
Securities and Exchange Commission has indicated that this indemnification is
against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore
unenforceable.
DESCRIPTION
OF DEBT SECURITIES
The
following description of the terms of debt securities sets forth certain general
terms and provisions of any future issues of debt securities to which any
prospectus supplement may relate. This prospectus and a prospectus
supplement relating thereto will also cover the offer and resale of shares of
common stock by the holders of our $200 million of 4.125% Exchangeable Senior
Notes due November 1, 2026. The Operating Partnership issued
these notes on October 24, 2006 pursuant to an Indenture, between Home
Properties, the Operating Partnership and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as
trustee. Subject to the terms of the Indenture, holders may exchange
the notes at certain times and upon the occurrence of certain events for cash in
the principal amount and, at the option of the Operating Partnership, cash or
shares of Home Properties common stock for the exchange value in excess of the
principal amount of the notes. We agreed to register on or before
April 22, 2007 the shares of common stock which, at the option of the Operating
Partnership, may be issued upon exchange of the notes for all or a portion of
their exchange value in excess of the principal amount. We will file
a prospectus supplement to provide certain information about the noteholders
before that date. The particular terms of other debt securities
offered by any prospectus supplement and the extent, if any, to which such
general provisions may apply to the debt securities so offered will be described
in a prospectus supplement relating to such debt securities.
Indenture
for Future Debt Securities
Future
series of debt securities are to be issued in one or more series under an
Indenture, a copy of which is incorporated by reference and is an exhibit to the
registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, as amended or
supplemented by one or more supplemental indentures (the “Indenture”), to be
entered into between the Company and a financial institution as Trustee (the
“Trustee”). The statements herein relating to the debt securities and
the Indenture are summaries and are subject to the detailed provisions of the
applicable Indenture. The following summaries of certain provisions
of the Indenture do not purport to be complete and are subject to, and are
qualified in their entirety by reference to, all of the provisions of the
Indenture, including the definitions therein of certain terms capitalized in
this Prospectus.
The
Indenture, under which we will issue future series of debt securities, does not
limit the aggregate amount of debt securities which may be issued thereunder,
nor does it limit the incurrence or issuance of other secured or unsecured debt
of the Company.
General
Obligations
The debt
securities will be our unsecured general obligations and will rank with all of
our other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations as described in the
applicable prospectus supplement. The Indenture provides that the
debt securities may be issued from time to time in one or more
series. We will authorize the issuance and provide for the terms of
any series of debt securities pursuant to a supplemental indenture.
General
Terms
The
prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of debt securities which
we are offering will describe the terms of such debt securities, including,
where applicable:
(1)
|
the
specific designation of such debt
securities;
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(2)
|
any
limit upon the aggregate principal amount of such debt
securities;
|
(3)
|
the
date or dates on which the principal of and premium, if any, on such debt
securities will mature or the method of determining such date or
dates;
|
(4)
|
the
rate or rates (which may be fixed, variable or zero) at which such debt
securities will bear interest, if any, or the method of calculating such
rate or rates;
|
(5)
|
the
date or dates from which interest, if any, will accrue or the method by
which such date or dates will be
determined;
|
(6)
|
the
date or dates on which interest, if any, will be payable and the record
date or dates therefor;
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(7)
|
the
place or places where principal of, premium, if any, and interest, if any,
on such debt securities may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the
option of the Company;
|
(8)
|
the
obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase such debt
securities pursuant to any sinking fund or analogous provisions or upon
the happening of a specified event and the period or periods within which,
the price or prices at which and the other terms and conditions upon
which, such debt securities shall be redeemed or purchased, in whole or in
part, pursuant to such obligations;
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(9)
|
the
denominations in which such debt securities are authorized to be
issued;
|
(10)
|
the
currency or currency unit for which debt securities may be purchased or in
which debt securities may be denominated and/or the currency or currencies
(including currency unit or units) in which principal of, premium, if any,
and interest, if any, on such debt securities will be payable and whether
the Company or the holders of any such debt securities may elect to
receive payments in respect of such debt securities in a currency or
currency unit other than that in which such debt securities are stated to
be payable;
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(11)
|
if
the amount of payments of principal of and premium, if any, or any
interest, if any, on such debt securities may be determined with reference
to an index based on a currency or currencies other than that in which
such debt securities are stated to be payable, the manner in which such
amount shall be determined;
|
(12)
|
if
the amount of payments of principal of and premium, if any, or interest,
if any, on such debt securities may be determined with reference to
changes in the prices of particular securities or commodities or otherwise
by application of a formula, the manner in which such amount shall be
determined;
|
(13)
|
if
other than the entire principal amount thereof, the portion of the
principal amount of such debt securities which will be payable upon
declaration of the acceleration of the maturity thereof or the method by
which such portion shall be
determined;
|
(14)
|
if
the debt securities are convertible into any other securities including
any class of out equity securities;
|
(15)
|
the
person to whom any interest on any such debt security shall be payable if
other than the person in whose name such debt security is registered on
the applicable record date;
|
(16)
|
any
addition to, or modification or deletion of, any Event of Default or any
covenant of the Company specified in the Indenture with respect to such
debt securities;
|
(17)
|
the
application, if any, of such means of defeasance as may be specified for
such debt securities; and
|
(18)
|
any
other special terms pertaining to such debt securities. Unless
otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, the debt
securities will not be listed on any securities
exchange.
|
Unless
otherwise specified in the applicable prospectus supplement, debt securities
will be issued only in fully registered form without coupons. Unless
the prospectus supplement relating thereto specifies otherwise, debt securities
will be denominated in U.S. dollars and will be issued only in denominations of
U.S. $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof.
Debt
securities may be sold at a substantial discount below their stated principal
amount and may bear no interest or interest at a rate which at the time of
issuance is below market rates. Certain federal income tax
consequences and special considerations applicable to any such debt securities
will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.
If the
amount of payments of principal of and premium, if any, or any interest on debt
securities of any series is determined with reference to any type of index or
formula or changes in prices of particular securities or commodities, the
federal income tax consequences, specific terms and other information with
respect to such debt securities and such index or formula and securities or
commodities will be described in the applicable prospectus
supplement.
If the
principal of and premium, if any, or any interest on debt securities of any
series are payable in a foreign or composite currency, the restrictions,
elections, federal income tax consequences, specific terms and other information
with respect to such debt securities and such currency will be described in the
applicable prospectus supplement.
Change of
Control Provisions
The
prospectus supplement with respect to any particular series of debt securities
being offered thereby which provide for optional redemption, prepayment or
conversion of such debt securities on the occurrence of certain event, such as a
change of control of the Company, will provide:
(1)
|
a
description of any other securities into which the debt securities may be
converted at the option of the holder or us and a discussion of any rights
the holder of the debt securities or any other securities into which the
debt securities may be converted to have such securities registered for
resale or issuance upon conversion or listed on any national securities
exchange;
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(2)
|
a
discussion of the effects that such provisions may have in deterring
certain mergers, tender offers or other takeover attempts, as well as any
possible adverse effect on the market price of the Company’s securities or
the ability to obtain additional financing in the
future;
|
(3)
|
a
statement the Company will comply with any applicable provisions of the
requirements of Rule 14e-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
and any other applicable securities laws in connection with any optional
redemption, prepayment or conversion provisions and any related offers by
the Company (including, if such debt securities are convertible,
Rule 13e-4);
|
(4)
|
disclosure
of any cross-defaults in other indebtedness which may result as a
consequence of the occurrence of certain events so that the payments on
such debt securities would be effectively
subordinated;
|
(5)
|
disclosure
of effect of any failure to repurchase under the applicable Indenture,
including in the event of a change of control of the
Company;
|
(6)
|
disclosure
of any risk that sufficient funds may not be available at the time of any
event resulting in a repurchase obligation;
and
|
(7)
|
discussion
of any definition of “change of control” contained in the applicable
Indenture.
|
Payment,
Registration, Transfer and Exchange
Unless
otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, payments in respect
of the debt securities will be made in the designated currency at our office or
agency maintained for that purpose we designate from time to time, except that,
at our option, interest payments, if any, on debt securities in registered form
may be made by checks mailed to the holders of debt securities entitled thereto
at their registered addresses. Unless otherwise indicated in an
applicable prospectus supplement, payment of any installment of interest on debt
securities in registered form will be made to the person in whose name such debt
security is registered at the close of business on the regular record date for
such interest.
Unless
otherwise provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, debt securities in
registered form will be transferable or exchangeable at the agency of the
Company maintained for such purpose as designated by the Company from time to
time, debt securities may be transferred or exchanged without service charge,
other than any tax or other governmental charge imposed in connection
therewith.
Consolidation,
Merger or Sale by the Company
Under the
terms of the Indenture, Home Properties may not be consolidated with or merge
into any other corporation or transfer or lease its assets substantially as an
entirety, unless (i) the corporation formed by such consolidation or into
which we are merged or the corporation which acquires its assets is organized in
the United States and expressly assumes all of our obligations under the debt
securities and all Indentures and (ii) immediately after giving effect to
such transaction, no Default or Event of Default shall have occurred and be
continuing. Upon any such consolidation, merger or transfer, the
successor corporation formed by such consolidation, or into which we are merged
or to which such sale is made shall succeed to, and be substituted for Home
Properties under the Indenture.
The
Indenture contains no covenants or other specific provisions to afford
protection to holders of the debt securities in the event of a highly leveraged
transaction or a change in control, except to the limited extent described
above. Such covenants or provisions are not subject to waiver by our
Board of Directors without the consent of the holders of not less than a
majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series
affected by the waiver as described under “Modification of the Indenture”
below.
Events of
Default, Notice and Certain Rights on Default
The
Indenture provides that, if an Event of Default specified therein occurs with
respect to the debt securities of any series and is continuing, the Trustee for
such series or the holders of 25% in aggregate principal amount of all of the
outstanding debt securities of that series, by written notice to us (and to the
Trustee for such series, if notice is given by such holders of debt securities),
may declare the principal of (or, if the debt securities of that series are
Original Issue Discount Securities, such portion of the principal amount
specified in the prospectus supplement) and accrued interest on all the debt
securities of that series to be immediately due and payable.
The
Indenture provides that the Trustee will, subject to certain exceptions, within
a specified number of days after the occurrence of a Default with respect to the
debt securities of any series, give to the holders of the debt securities of
that series notice of all Defaults known to it unless such Default shall have
been cured or waived. “Default” means any event which is or after
notice or passage of time or both, would be an Event of Default.
The
Indenture provides that the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount
of the debt securities of each series affected (with each such series voting as
a class) may direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for
any remedy available to the Trustee for such series, or exercising any trust or
power conferred on such Trustee.
The
Indenture includes a covenant that Home Properties will file annually with the
Trustee a certificate as to our compliance with all conditions and covenants of
the Indenture.
The
holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of any series of debt
securities by notice to the Trustee may waive on behalf of the holders of all
debt securities of such series, any past Default or Event of Default with
respect to that series and its consequences, except a Default or Event of
Default in the payment of the principal of, premium, if any, or interest, if
any, on any Debt Security or a provision of the Indenture which cannot be
amended without the consent of the holder of each Outstanding Security of such
series adversely affected.
Modification
of the Indenture
The
Indenture contains provisions permitting us and the Trustee to enter into one or
more supplemental indentures without the consent of the holders of any of the
debt securities in order:
(i)
|
to
evidence the succession of another corporation to Home Properties’
obligations and the assumption of our covenants by our
successor;
|
(ii)
|
to
add to our covenants or surrender any of our rights or
powers;
|
(iii)
|
to
add additional Events of Default with respect to any series of debt
securities;
|
(iv)
|
to
add or change any provisions to such extent as necessary to permit or
facilitate the issuance of debt securities in book entry form or, if
allowed without penalty under applicable laws and regulations, to permit
payment in respect of debt securities in bearer form in the United
States;
|
(v)
|
to
change or eliminate any provision affecting debt securities not yet
issued;
|
(vi)
|
to
secure the debt securities;
|
(vii)
|
to
establish the form or terms of debt
securities;
|
(viii)
|
to
cure any ambiguity, to correct or supplement any provision of the
Indenture which may be inconsistent with any other provision thereof,
provided that such action does not adversely affect the interests of any
holder of debt securities of any
series;
|
(ix)
|
to
make provision with respect to the conversion rights of holders of debt
securities; or
|
(x)
|
to
conform to any mandatory provisions of
law.
|
The
Indenture also contains provisions permitting us and the Trustee, with the
consent of the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the
outstanding debt securities affected by such supplemental indenture (with the
debt securities of each series voting as a class), to execute supplemental
indentures adding any provisions to or changing or eliminating any of the
provisions of the Indenture or any supplemental indenture or modifying the
rights of the holders of debt securities of such series, except that no such
supplemental indenture may, without the consent of the holder of each Debt
Security so affected:
(i)
|
change
the time for payment of principal or premium, if any, or interest on any
Debt Security;
|
(ii)
|
reduce
the principal of, or any installment of principal of, or premium, if any,
or interest on any Debt Security, or change the manner in which the amount
of any of the foregoing is
determined;
|
(iii)
|
reduce
the amount of premium, if any, payable upon the redemption of any Debt
Security;
|
(iv)
|
reduce
the amount of principal payable upon acceleration of the maturity of any
Original Issue Discount Security;
|
(v)
|
reduce
the percentage in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities
affected thereby, the consent of whose holders is required for
modification or amendment of the Indenture or for waiver or compliance
with certain provisions of the Indenture or for waiver of certain
defaults;
|
(vi)
|
make
any change which adversely affects the right to convert convertible debt
securities or decrease the conversion rate or increase the conversion
price; or
|
(vii)
|
modify
the provisions relating to waiver of certain defaults or any of the
foregoing provisions.
|
Defeasance
If so
described in the prospectus supplement relating to debt securities of a specific
series, we may discharge our indebtedness and our obligations or terminate
certain of our obligations and covenants under the Indenture with respect to the
debt securities of such series by depositing funds or obligations issued or
guaranteed by the United States government with the Trustee. The
prospectus supplement will more fully describe the provisions, if any, relating
to such discharge or termination of obligations.
Conversion
rights
The terms
and conditions, if any, upon which any series of debt securities are convertible
into common stock, preferred stock or other securities will be set forth in the
applicable prospectus supplement. The terms will include whether the
debt securities are convertible into such securities, the conversion price (or
manner of calculation thereof), the conversion period, provisions as to whether
conversion will be at our option or the option of the holders, the events
requiring an adjustment of the conversion price and provisions affecting
conversion in the event of the redemption of the debt securities and any
restrictions on conversion, including restrictions directed at maintaining our
status as a REIT. If we issue debt securities that are convertible
into shares of preferred stock having rights, preferences or privileges with
respect to voting, dividends, rights upon liquidation or otherwise that are on
par with or senior to any class or series of preferred stock, then the rights of
holders of such junior or parity classes or series of preferred stock may be
materially adversely affected. In addition, the conversion of any
such debt securities into common stock or preferred stock could result in the
dilution of the holders of the then-existing shares of common stock or preferred
stock.
Global
securities
The debt
securities of a series may be issued in whole or in part in the form of one or
more global securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, a
depository identified in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to such
series. Global securities, if any, issued in the United States are
expected to be deposited with The Depository Trust Company (DTC), as
depository. We may issue global securities in either registered or
bearer form and in either temporary or permanent form. We will
describe the specific terms of the depository arrangement with respect to a
series of debt securities in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to
such series. We expect that unless the applicable prospectus
supplement provides otherwise, the following provisions will apply to depository
arrangements.
Once a
global security is issued, the depository for such global security or its
nominee will credit on its book-entry registration and transfer system the
respective principal amounts of the individual debt securities represented by
such global security to the accounts of participants that have accounts with
such depository. Such accounts shall be designated by the
underwriters, dealers or agents with respect to such debt securities or by us if
we offer such debt securities directly. Ownership of beneficial
interests in such global security will be limited to participants with the
depository or persons that may hold interests through those
participants.
We expect
that, under procedures established by DTC, ownership of beneficial interests in
any global security for which DTC is the depository will be shown on, and the
transfer of that ownership will be effected only through, records maintained by
DTC or its nominee (with respect to beneficial interests of participants with
the depository) and records of participants (with respect to beneficial
interests of persons who hold through participants with the
depository). Neither we nor the trustee will have any responsibility
or liability for any aspect of the records of DTC or for maintaining,
supervising or reviewing any records of DTC or any of its participants relating
to beneficial ownership interests in the debt securities. The laws of
some states require that certain purchasers of securities take physical delivery
of such securities in definitive form. Such limits and laws may
impair the ability to own, pledge or transfer beneficial interest in a global
security.
Except as
described below or in the applicable prospectus supplement, owners of beneficial
interest in a global security will not be entitled to have any of the individual
debt securities represented by such global security registered in their names,
will not receive or be entitled to receive physical delivery of any such debt
securities in definitive form and will not be considered the owners or holders
thereof under the applicable indenture. Beneficial owners of debt
securities evidenced by a global security will not be considered the owners or
holders thereof under the applicable indenture for any purpose, including with
respect to the giving of any direction, instructions or approvals to the trustee
under the indenture. Accordingly, each person owning a beneficial
interest in a global security with respect to which DTC is the depository must
rely on the procedures of DTC and, if such person is not a participant with the
depository, on the procedures of the participant through which such person owns
its interests, to exercise any rights of a holder under the applicable
indenture. We understand that, under existing industry practice, if
DTC requests any action of holders or if an owner of a beneficial interest in a
global security desires to give or take any action which a holder is entitled to
give or take under the applicable indenture, DTC would authorize the
participants holding the relevant beneficial interest to give or take such
action, and such participants would authorize beneficial owners through such
participants to give or take such actions or would otherwise act upon the
instructions of beneficial owners holding through them.
Payments
of principal of, and any premium (or make-whole amount) and interest on,
individual debt securities represented by a global security registered in the
name of a depository or its nominee will be made to or at the direction of the
depository or its nominee, as the case may be, as the registered owner of the
global security under the applicable indenture. Under the terms of
the applicable indenture, we and the trustee may treat the persons in whose name
debt securities, including a global security, are registered as the owners
thereof for the purpose of receiving such payments. Consequently,
neither we nor the trustee have or will have any responsibility or liability for
the payment of such amounts to beneficial owners of debt securities including
principal, any premium (or make-whole amount) or interest. We
believe, however, that it is currently the policy of DTC to immediately credit
the accounts of relevant participants with such payments, in amounts
proportionate to their respective holdings of beneficial interests in the
relevant global security as shown on the records of DTC or its
nominee. We also expect that payments by participants to owners of
beneficial interests in such global security held through such participants will
be governed by standing instructions and customary practices, as is the case
with securities held for the account of customers in bearer form or registered
in street name, and will be the responsibility of such
participants. Redemption notices with respect to any debt securities
represented by a global security will be sent to the depository or its
nominee. If less than all of the debt securities of any series are to
be redeemed, we expect the depository to determine the amount of the interest of
each participant in such debt securities to be redeemed to be determined by
lot. Neither we, the trustee, any paying agent nor the security
registrar for such debt securities will have any responsibility or liability for
any aspect of the records relating to or payments made on account of beneficial
ownership interests in the global security for such debt securities or for
maintaining any records with respect thereto.
Neither
we nor the trustee will be liable for any delay by the holders of a global
security or the depository in identifying the beneficial owners of debt
securities, and we and the trustee may conclusively rely on, and will be
protected in relying on, instructions from the holder of a global security or
the depository for all purposes. The rules applicable to DTC and its
participants are on file with the SEC.
If a
depository for any debt securities is at any time unwilling, unable or
ineligible to continue as depository and we do not appoint a successor
depository within 90 days, we will issue individual debt securities in exchange
for the global security representing such debt securities. In
addition, we may at any time and in our sole discretion, subject to any
limitations described in the prospectus supplement relating to such debt
securities, determine not to have any of such debt securities represented by one
or more global securities and in such event will issue individual debt
securities in exchange for the global security or securities representing such
debt securities. Individual debt securities so issued will be issued
in denominations of $1,000 and integral multiples of $1,000.
The
Trustee
The
prospectus supplement will identify the Trustee under the applicable
Indenture. The Company may also maintain banking and other commercial
relationships with any Trustee and its affiliates in the ordinary course of
business.
FEDERAL
INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The
following discussion describes the material U.S. federal income tax
considerations relating to the taxation of Home Properties as a REIT and the
acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common stock. If we
offer securities other than common stock, information about any additional
income tax consequences to holders of those securities will be included in the
documents pursuant to which those securities are offered.
The
following summary is based on current law, is for general information only and
is not tax advice. The information in this section is based on the
Code as currently in effect, current, temporary and proposed Treasury
Regulations promulgated under the Code, the legislative history of the Code,
current administrative interpretations and practices of Internal Revenue Service
(the “IRS”), including its practices and policies as expressed in private letter
rulings which are not binding on the IRS except with respect to the particular
taxpayers who requested and received such rulings, and court decisions, all as
of the date of this prospectus. There is no assurance that future
legislation, Treasury Regulations, administrative interpretations and practices
or court decisions will not adversely affect existing
interpretations. Any change could apply retroactively to transactions
preceding the date of the change.
We have
not requested, and do not plan to request, any rulings from the IRS concerning
our tax treatment and the statements in this prospectus are not binding on the
IRS or a court. Thus, we can provide no assurance that these
statements will not be challenged by the IRS or sustained by a court if
challenged by the IRS. The tax treatment to holders of common stock
will vary depending on a holder’s particular situation and this discussion does
not purport to deal with all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to a
holder of common stock in light of his or her personal investments or tax
circumstances, or to stockholders subject to special treatment under the federal
income tax laws except to the extent discussed under the headings “Taxation of
Tax-Exempt Stockholders” and “Taxation of Non-U.S.
Stockholders.” Stockholders subject to special treatment include,
without limitation, insurance companies, financial institutions or
broker-dealers, tax-exempt organizations, stockholders holding securities as
part of a conversion transaction or hedge or hedging transaction or as a
position in a straddle for tax purposes, foreign corporations and persons who
are not citizens or residents of the United States.
In
addition, the summary below does not consider the effect of any foreign, state,
local or other tax laws that may be applicable to holders of the common
stock. If we meet the detailed requirements in the Code for
qualification as a REIT, which are summarized below, we will be treated as a
REIT for federal income tax purposes. In this case, we generally will
not be subject to federal corporate income taxes on our net income that is
currently distributed to our stockholders. This treatment
substantially eliminates the “double taxation” that generally results from
investments in a corporation. Double taxation refers to the
imposition of corporate level tax on income earned by a corporation and taxation
at the shareholder level on funds distributed to a corporation’s
shareholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we
would not be allowed a deduction for dividends paid to our stockholders in
computing taxable income and would be subject to federal income tax at regular
corporate rates. Unless entitled to relief under specific statutory
provisions, we would be ineligible to be taxed as a REIT for the four succeeding
tax years. As a result, the funds available for distribution to our
stockholders would be reduced. Each prospective purchaser should
consult his or her own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences of
the purchase, ownership and sale of common stock, including the federal, state,
local, foreign and other tax consequences of such purchase, ownership and sale
and of potential changes in applicable tax laws.
Taxation
of Home Properties
General. We
elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code,
commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 1994. We
believe we have been organized and have operated in a manner which qualifies for
taxation as a REIT under the Code commencing with our taxable year ended
December 31, 1994. We intend to continue to operate in this
manner. However, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depends
upon our ability to meet, through actual annual operating results, asset
diversification, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership, the
various qualification tests imposed under the Code. Accordingly,
there is no assurance that we have operated or will continue to operate in a
manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT. Further,
legislative, administrative or judicial action may change, perhaps
retroactively, the anticipated income tax treatment described in this
prospectus. See “Failure to Qualify.”
This
discussion is not intended to be a substitute for careful tax
planning. We urge each prospective investor to consult with his or
her own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences applicable to him or
her, in light of his or her particular circumstances, relating to the purchase,
ownership and disposition of our common shares, including the federal, state,
local, foreign and other tax consequences of such purchase, ownership, sale and
disposition.
In the
opinion of Nixon Peabody LLP, Home Properties was organized in conformity with
the requirements for qualification as a REIT, and its method of operation has
enabled it, and its proposed method of operation will enable it to meet the
requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the
Code. This opinion is based on certain assumptions and is conditioned
upon certain representations made by Home Properties as to certain factual
matters relating to Home Properties’ organization, manner of operation, income
and assets. Home Properties’ qualification and taxation as a REIT
will depend upon Home Properties’ satisfaction of the requirements necessary to
be classified as a REIT, discussed below, on a continuing
basis. Nixon Peabody LLP will not review compliance with these tests
on a continuing basis. Therefore, no assurance can be given that Home
Properties will satisfy such tests on a continuing basis. You should
be aware that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS, and no assurance
can be given that the IRS will not challenge the conclusions set forth in such
opinions.
The
sections of the Code that relate to the qualification and operation as a REIT
are highly technical and complex. The following sets forth the
material aspects of the sections of the Code that govern the federal income tax
treatment of a REIT and its stockholders. This summary is qualified
in its entirety by the applicable Code provisions, relevant rules and
regulations promulgated under the Code, and administrative and judicial
interpretations of the Code, and these rules and these regulations.
If we
qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal
corporate income taxes on our net income that is currently distributed to our
stockholders. This treatment substantially eliminates the “double
taxation” that generally results from investment in a
corporation. However, Home Properties will be subject to federal
income tax as follows:
First, we
will be taxed at regular corporate rates on any undistributed REIT taxable
income, including undistributed net capital gains; provided, however, that
properly designated undistributed capital gains will effectively avoid taxation
at the stockholder level. A REIT’s “REIT taxable income” is the
otherwise taxable income of the REIT subject to certain adjustments, including a
deduction for dividends paid.
Second,
we may be subject to the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of tax
preference under some circumstances.
Third, if
we have (a) net income from the sale or other disposition of “foreclosure
property” which is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course
of business or (b) other nonqualifying income from foreclosure property, we
will be subject to tax at the highest corporate rate on this
income. Foreclosure property is defined generally as property we
acquired through foreclosure or after a default on a loan secured by the
property or a lease of the property.
Fourth,
we will be subject to a 100% tax on any net income from prohibited
transactions. Prohibited transactions generally include sales or
other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of business, other than the sale or disposition of foreclosure
property.
Fifth, we
will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount equal to (a) the gross income
attributable to the greater of the amount by which we fail the 75% or 95% test
multiplied by (b) a fraction intended to reflect our profitability, if we
fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test but have
maintained our qualification as a REIT because we satisfied other
requirements. The gross income tests are discussed
below.
Sixth, we
would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution
over the amounts actually distributed (plus retained amounts on which income tax
is paid at the corporate level) if we fail to distribute during each calendar
year at least the sum of: 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year, 95% of
our REIT capital gain net income for the year, and any undistributed taxable
income from prior periods.
Seventh,
if we acquire any asset from a corporation which is or has been a C corporation
in a transaction in which the basis of the acquired asset in our hands is
determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of the C
corporation, and we subsequently recognize gain on the disposition of the asset
during the ten-year period beginning on the date on which we acquired the asset,
then we will be subject to tax at the highest regular corporate tax rate on this
gain to the extent of the “built-in-gain” of the asset. The
“built-in-gain” of an asset equals the excess of (a) the fair market value
of the asset over (b) our adjusted basis in the asset, determined as of the
date we acquired the asset from the C corporation. A
C corporation is generally a corporation subject to full corporate-level
tax.
Eighth,
we will be subject to a 100% tax on amounts received through arrangements
between Home Properties, its tenants and a taxable REIT subsidiary that are not
arm’s length.
Ninth,
certain of our subsidiaries are subchapter C corporations, the earnings of which
could be subject to federal corporate income tax.
In
addition, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes,
including payroll taxes and state, local, property, and other taxes on their
assets and operations. We could also be subject to tax in situations
and on transactions not presently contemplated.
Requirements
for Qualification as a REIT. The Code defines a REIT as a
corporation, trust or association that:
1.
|
is
managed by one or more trustees or
directors;
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2.
|
uses
transferable shares or transferable certificates to evidence beneficial
ownership;
|
3.
|
would
be taxable as a domestic corporation, but for Sections 856 through
859 of the Code;
|
4.
|
is
not a financial institution referred to in Section 582(c) of the Code
or an insurance company to which subchapter L of the Code
applies;
|
5.
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is
beneficially owned by 100 or more
persons;
|
6.
|
during
the last half of each taxable year not more than 50% in value of its
outstanding stock is owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer
individuals, as defined in the Code to include the entities set forth in
Section 542(a)(2) of the Code;
and
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7.
|
meets
other tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and
assets and the amount of its
distributions.
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The Code
provides that conditions (1) to (4), inclusive, must be met during the
entire taxable year and that condition (5) must be met during at least 335 days
of a taxable year of twelve months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable
year of less than twelve months. Conditions (5) and (6) do not apply
until after the first taxable year for which an election made to be taxed as a
REIT. For purposes of condition (6), pension funds and some other
tax-exempt entities are treated as individuals, subject to a “look-through”
exception in the case of pension funds. We have satisfied condition
(5) and believe that we have issued sufficient shares to satisfy condition
(6). In addition, our articles of incorporation provides for
restrictions regarding ownership and transfer of shares. These
restrictions are intended to assist us in continuing to satisfy the share
ownership requirements described in (5) and (6) above. These
ownership and transfer restrictions are described in the accompanying prospectus
in “Description of Capital Stock–Restrictions on
Transfer.” Primarily, though not exclusively, as a result of
fluctuations in value among the different classes of our stock, these
restrictions may not ensure that we will, in all cases, be able to satisfy the
share ownership requirements described in conditions (5) and (6)
above. If we fail to satisfy these share ownership requirements, our
status as a REIT will terminate. However, if we comply with the rules
contained in applicable Treasury Regulations that require us to ascertain the
actual ownership of our shares and we do not know, or would not have known
through the exercise of reasonable diligence, that we failed to meet the
requirement described in condition (6) above, we will be treated as having met
this requirement. See “Failure to Qualify.”
In
addition, a corporation may not elect to become a REIT unless its taxable year
is the calendar year. We have and will continue to have a calendar
taxable year.
Taxable
REIT Subsidiaries. A taxable REIT subsidiary of Home Properties is a
corporation other than a REIT in which Home Properties directly or indirectly
holds stock and that has made a joint election with Home Properties to be
treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. A taxable REIT subsidiary also
includes any corporation other than a REIT with respect to which a taxable REIT
subsidiary of Home Properties owns securities possessing more than 35% of the
total voting power or value of the outstanding securities of such
corporation. However, a taxable REIT subsidiary does not include
certain health care and lodging facilities. A taxable REIT subsidiary
is subject to regular federal income tax, and state and local income tax where
applicable, as a regular “C” corporation. In addition, a taxable REIT
subsidiary of Home Properties may be limited in its ability to deduct interest
paid to Home Properties. Home Properties jointly made the election
with the following entities for them to be treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries
of Home Properties effective January 1, 2001: Home Properties
Resident Services, Inc. and, until its merger with Home Properties Resident
Services, Inc., on November 21, 2006, Home Properties Management,
Inc.
Qualified
REIT Subsidiaries. If a REIT owns a corporate subsidiary that is a
“qualified REIT subsidiary,” the separate existence of that subsidiary will be
disregarded for federal income tax purposes. Generally, a qualified
REIT subsidiary is a corporation, other than a taxable REIT subsidiary, all of
the capital stock of which is owned by the REIT. All assets,
liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the qualified REIT
subsidiary will be treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction
and credit of the REIT itself. A qualified REIT subsidiary of Home
Properties will not be subject to federal corporate income taxation, although it
may be subject to state and local taxation in some states.
Ownership
of a Partnership Interest. In the case of a REIT which is a partner
in a partnership, IRS regulations provide that the REIT will be deemed to own
its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership. Also, a
partner in a partnership will be deemed to be entitled to the income of the
partnership attributable to its proportionate share. The character of
the assets and gross income of the partnership retains the same character in the
hands of Home Properties for purposes of Section 856 of the Code, including
satisfying the gross income tests and the asset tests. Thus, our
proportionate share of the assets, liabilities and items of income of the
Operating Partnership, including the Operating Partnership’s share of these
items for any partnership or limited liability company, are treated as our
assets, liabilities and items of income for purposes of applying the
requirements described in this prospectus.
We have
included a summary of the rules governing the Federal income taxation of
partnerships and their partners below in “Tax Aspects of the Operating
Partnership”. We have direct control of the Operating Partnership and
will continue to operate it consistent with the requirements for qualification
as a REIT.
Income
Tests. We must satisfy two gross income requirements annually to
maintain our qualification as a REIT. First, each taxable year we
must derive directly or indirectly at least 75% of our gross income from
investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including
“rents from real property” and, in specific circumstances, interest, or from
particular types of temporary investments. Gross income from
prohibited transactions is excluded for purposes of determining if we satisfy
this test. Second, each taxable year we must derive at least 95% of
our gross income from these real property investments, dividends, interest and
gain from the sale or disposition of stock or securities, or from any
combination of the foregoing. Gross income from prohibited
transactions is excluded for purposes of determining if we satisfy this
test.
The term
“interest” generally does not include any amount received or accrued, directly
or indirectly, if the determination of the amount depends in whole or in part on
the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or
accrued generally will not be excluded from the term “interest” solely by reason
of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or
sales. Rents we receive will qualify as “rents from real property” in
satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if
several conditions are met.
First,
the amount of rent must not be based in whole or in part on the income or
profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued
generally will not be excluded from the term “rents from real property” solely
by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or
sales.
Second,
the Code provides that rents received from a “related party tenant” will not
qualify as “rents from real property” in satisfying the gross income
tests. A related party tenant is a tenant of Home Properties that
Home Properties, or one or more actual or constructive owners of 10% or more of
Home Properties, actually or constructively own in the aggregate 10% or more of
such tenant. For taxable years after December 31, 2000, Home
Properties will be able to lease its properties to a taxable REIT subsidiary and
the rents received from that subsidiary will not be disqualified from being
“rents from real property” by reason of Home Properties’ ownership interest in
the subsidiary so long as the property is operated on behalf of the taxable REIT
subsidiary by an “eligible independent contractor.”
Third, if
rent attributable to personal property, leased in connection with a lease of
real property, is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease,
then the portion of rent attributable to personal property will not qualify as
“rents from real property.”
Finally,
for rents received to qualify as “rents from real property,” Home Properties is
allowed only to provide services that are both “usually or customarily rendered”
in connection with the rental of real property and not otherwise considered
“rendered to the occupant.” Income received from any other services
will be treated as “impermissible tenant service income” unless the services are
provided through an independent contractor that bears the expenses of providing
the services and from whom Home Properties derives no revenue or through a
taxable REIT subsidiary, subject to specified limitations. The amount
of impermissible tenant service income is deemed to be the greater of the amount
actually received by the REIT or 150% of Home Properties’ direct cost of
providing the service. If the impermissible tenant service income
exceeds 1% of Home Properties’ total income from income from a property, then
all of the income from that property will fail to qualify as rents from real
property. If the total amount of impermissible tenant service income
from a property does not exceed 1% of Home Properties’ total income from that
property, the income will not cause the rent paid by tenants of that property to
fail to qualify as rents from real property, but the impermissible tenant
service income itself will not qualify as rents from real property.
We
believe that Home Properties’ real estate investments will continue to give rise
to income that will enable it to satisfy all of the income tests described
above. Substantially all of Home Properties’ income will be derived
from its interest in the Operating Partnership, which will, for the most part,
qualify as “rents from real property” for purposes of the 75% and the 95% gross
income tests. We generally do not and do not intend to:
- charge
rent for any property that is based in whole or in part on the income or profits
of any person, except by reason of being based on a percentage of receipts or
sales, asdescribed
above;
- rent any
property to a related party tenant (except for leases to a taxable REIT
subsidiary);
- derive
rental income attributable to personal property, other than personal property
leased in connection with the lease of real property, the amount of which is
less than 15% of the total rent received under the lease; or
- perform
services (other than services that are “usual or customary”) considered to be
rendered to the occupant of the property, other than through an independent
contractor from whom we derive no revenue or through a taxable REIT
subsidiary.
Notwithstanding
the foregoing, we may have taken and may continue to take the actions set forth
above to the extent these actions will not, based on the advice of our tax
counsel, jeopardize our status as a REIT.
Home
Properties may receive certain types of income with respect to the properties it
owns that will not qualify for the 75% or 95% gross income test. In
addition, dividends on Home Properties’ stock in any non-controlled subsidiaries
or taxable REIT subsidiaries will not qualify under the 75% gross income
test. Home Properties believes, however, that the aggregate amount of
such fees and other non-qualifying income in any taxable year will not cause
Home Properties to exceed the limits on non-qualifying income under the 75% and
95% income tests.
If we
fail to satisfy one or both of the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable
year, we may nevertheless qualify as a REIT for the year if we are entitled to
relief under specific provisions of the Code. Generally, we may avail
ourselves of the relief provisions if: (i) our failure to meet
these tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, and
(ii) following our identification of the failure to meet the 75% or 95%
gross income test for any taxable year, we file a schedule with the IRS setting
forth each item of our gross income for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income
test for such taxable year in accordance with Treasury Regulations to be
issued.
It is not
possible, however, to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to
the benefit of these relief provisions. For example, if we fail to
satisfy the gross income tests because non-qualifying income that we
intentionally incur exceeds the limits on non-qualifying income, the IRS could
conclude that our failure to satisfy the tests was not due to reasonable
cause.
If these
relief provisions do not apply to a particular set of circumstances, we will not
qualify as a REIT. As discussed above in “Taxation of Home Properties
-General,” even if these relief provisions apply, and we retain our status as a
REIT, a tax would be imposed with respect to the amount by which we fail to
satisfy the particular gross income test. We may not always be able
to maintain compliance with the gross income tests for REIT qualification
despite our periodic monitoring of our income.
Prohibited
Transaction Income. Any gain realized by us on the sale of any
property held as inventory or other property held primarily for sale to
customers in the ordinary course of business, including our share of any such
gain realized by the Operating Partnership, will be treated as income from a
prohibited transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax. This
prohibited transaction income may also adversely effect our ability to satisfy
the income tests for qualification as a REIT. Under existing law,
whether property is held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of a trade or business is a question of fact that depends on all
the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction.
The
Operating Partnership intends to hold the properties for investment with a view
to long- term appreciation, to engage in the business of acquiring, developing,
owning, and operating its properties and to make occasional sales of the
properties as are consistent with the Operating Partnership’s investment
objectives. However, the IRS may contend that one or more of these
sales is subject to the 100% penalty tax. No assurance can be given
that any property we sell will not be treated as property held for sale to
customers, or that we can comply with certain safe-harbor provisions of the Code
that would prevent the imposition of the 100% penalty tax.
Asset
Tests. At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we also must
satisfy six tests relating to the nature and diversification of our
assets.
First, at
least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by real estate
assets, cash, cash items and U.S. government securities. Home
Properties’ real estate assets include, for purposes of this test, its allocable
share of real estate assets held by the partnerships in which it owns an
interest and the non-corporate subsidiaries of those partnerships, as well as
stock or debt instruments held for one year or less that are purchased with the
proceeds of an offering of shares or long-term (at least five years) debt of
Home Properties.
Second,
not more than 25% of our total assets may be represented by securities, other
than those securities includable in the 75% asset test.
Third,
except for investments in REITs, qualified REIT subsidiaries and taxable REIT
subsidiaries, the value of any one issuer’s securities owned by Home Properties
may not exceed 5% of the value of Home Properties’ total assets.
Fourth,
except for investments in REITs, qualified REIT subsidiaries and taxable REIT
subsidiaries, Home Properties may not own more than 10% of any one issuer’s
outstanding voting securities.
Fifth,
except for investments in REITs, qualified REIT subsidiaries, taxable REIT
subsidiaries “straight debt” having specified characteristics and to certain
other securities described below, Home Properties may not own more than 10% of
the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer.
Sixth,
not more than 20% of the value of Home Properties’ total assets may be
represented by the securities of one or more taxable REIT
subsidiaries.
Certain
relief provisions are available to REITs to satisfy the asset requirements, or
to maintain REIT qualification notwithstanding certain violations of the asset
and other requirements. One such provision allows a REIT which fails
one or more of the asset requirements (other than de minimis violations of the
5% and 10% asset tests as described below) to nevertheless maintain its REIT
qualification if (a) it provides the IRS with a description of each asset
causing the failure, (b) the failure is due to reasonable cause and not
willful neglect, (c) the REIT pays a tax equal to the greater of
(i) $50,000 per failure, and (ii) the product of the net income
generated by the assets that caused the failure multiplied by the highest
applicable corporate tax rate (currently 35%), and (d) the REIT either
disposes of the assets causing the failure within 6 months after the last day of
the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or otherwise satisfies the
relevant asset tests within that time frame.
In the
case of de minimis violations of the 10% and 5% asset tests, a REIT may maintain
its qualification if (a) the value of the assets causing the violation do
not exceed the lesser of 1% of the REIT’s total assets, and $10,000,000, and
(b) the REIT either disposes of the assets causing the failure within 6
months after the last day of the quarter in which it identifies the failure, or
the relevant tests are otherwise satisfied within that time frame.
Certain
securities will not cause a violation of the 10% value test described
above. Such securities include instruments that constitute “straight
debt,” which includes securities having certain contingency
features. A security will not qualify as “straight debt” where a REIT
(or a controlled taxable REIT subsidiary of the REIT) owns other securities of
the issuer of that security which do not qualify as straight debt, unless the
value of those other securities constitute, in the aggregate, 1% or less of the
total value of that issuer’s outstanding securities. In addition to
straight debt, certain other securities will not violate the 10% value
test. Such securities include (a) any loan made to an individual
or an estate, (b) certain rental agreements in which one or more payments
are to be made in subsequent years (other than agreements between a REIT and
certain persons related to the REIT), (c) any obligation to pay rents from
real property, (d) securities issued by governmental entities that are not
dependent in whole or in part on the profits of (or payments made by) a
non-governmental entity, (e) any security issued by another REIT, and
(f) any debt instrument issued by a partnership if the partnership’s income
is of a nature that it would satisfy the 75% gross income test described above
under “—Income Tests.” In applying the 10% value test, a debt
security issued by a partnership is not taken into account to the extent, if
any, of the REIT’s proportionate equity interest in that
partnership.
As
previously discussed, Home Properties is deemed to own its proportionate share
of the assets of a partnership in which it is a partner so that the partnership
interest, itself, is not a security for purposes of this asset
test.
We
believe that our holdings of assets comply, and will continue to comply, with
the foregoing REIT asset requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance on an
ongoing basis. No independent appraisals have been obtained, however,
to support our conclusions as to the value of our total assets, or the value of
any particular security or securities. We do not intend to seek an
IRS ruling as to the classification of our properties for purposes of the REIT
asset tests. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will
not contend that our assets or our interest in other securities cause a
violation of the REIT asset requirements.
After
initially meeting the asset tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose
our status as a REIT for failure to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a
later quarter solely by reason of changes in asset values. If we fail
to satisfy the asset tests because we acquire additional securities of Home
Properties Resident Services, Inc. or other securities or other property during
a quarter, including an increase in our interests in the Operating Partnership,
we can cure this failure by disposing of sufficient non-qualifying assets within
30 days after the close of that quarter. We have maintained and will
continue to maintain adequate records of the value of our assets to ensure
compliance with the asset tests and to take such other actions within the 30
days after the close of any quarter as may be required to cure any
noncompliance. If we fail to cure noncompliance with the asset tests
within this time period, we would cease to qualify as a REIT.
Annual
Distribution Requirements.
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required to distribute
dividends, other than capital gain dividends, to our stockholders in an amount
at least equal to:
o
|
90%
of our “REIT taxable income,” computed without regard to the dividends
paid deduction and our net capital gain,
and
|
o
|
90%
of the after tax net income, if any, from foreclosure
property;
|
o
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the
sum of specified items of noncash
income.
|
These
distributions must be paid in the taxable year to which they relate, or in the
following taxable year if they are declared before we timely file our tax return
for such year and if paid on or before the first regular dividend payment after
such declaration. These distributions are taxable to holders of
common stock and convertible preferred stock, other than tax-exempt entities, as
discussed below, in the year in which paid. This is so even though
these distributions relate to the prior year for purposes of our 90%
distribution requirement. The amount distributed must not be
preferential (e.g., every shareholder of the class of stock to which a
distribution is made must be treated the same as every other shareholder of that
class, and no class of stock may be treated otherwise than in accordance with
its dividend rights as a class).
To the
extent that we do not distribute all of our net capital gain or distribute at
least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we
will be subject to tax thereon at regular ordinary and capital gain corporate
tax rates. We have made and intend to make timely distributions
sufficient to satisfy these annual distribution requirements. We
expect that our REIT taxable income will be less than our cash flow due to the
allowance of depreciation and other non-cash charges in computing REIT taxable
income. Accordingly, we anticipate that we will generally have
sufficient cash or liquid assets to enable us to satisfy the distribution
requirements described above. In this regard, the Partnership
Agreement of the Operating Partnership authorizes Home Properties, as general
partner, to take such steps as may be necessary to cause the Operating
Partnership to distribute to its partners an amount sufficient to permit Home
Properties to meet these distribution requirements. However, from
time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet
these distribution requirements due to timing differences between the actual
receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses, and the inclusion
of income and deduction of expenses in arriving at our taxable
income. If these timing differences occur, in order to meet the
distribution requirements, we may need to arrange for short-term, or possibly
long-term, borrowings or need to pay dividends in the form of taxable stock
dividends. Under specific circumstances identified in the Code, we
may be able to rectify a failure to meet the distribution requirement for a year
by paying “deficiency dividends” to stockholders in a later year, which may be
included in our deduction for dividends paid for the earlier
year. Thus, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts
distributed as deficiency dividends. However, we will be required to
pay interest based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency
dividends.
Furthermore,
we would be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required
distribution over the amounts actually distributed if we should fail to
distribute during each calendar year, or in the case of distributions with
declaration and record dates falling in the last three months of the calendar
year, by the end of January immediately following such year, at least the sum
of:
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85%
of our REIT ordinary income for such
year,
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95%
of our REIT capital gain income for the
year,
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and
any undistributed taxable income from prior
periods.
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Any REIT
taxable income and net capital gain on which this excise tax is imposed for any
year is treated as an amount distributed during that year for purposes of
calculating such tax.
Failure
to Qualify
If we
fail to qualify for taxation as a REIT in any taxable year, and the relief
provisions do not apply, we will be subject to tax, including any applicable
alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate
rates. Distributions to stockholders in any year in which we fail to
qualify will not be deductible by us and we will not be required to distribute
any amounts to our stockholders. As a result, our failure to qualify
as a REIT would reduce the cash available for distribution by us to our
stockholders.
In
addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, all distributions to stockholders
will be taxable as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated
earnings and profits, and subject to limitations identified in the Code,
corporate distributees may be eligible for the dividends received
deduction. Unless entitled to relief under specific statutory
provisions, we will also be ineligible to be taxed as a REIT for the four tax
years following the year during which we lost our qualification. It
is not possible to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to
this statutory relief.
Taxation
of Taxable U.S. Stockholders
As used
below, the term “U.S. stockholder” means a holder of shares of common stock who,
for United States federal income tax purposes: is a citizen or resident of the
United States; is a corporation, partnership, or other entity created or
organized in or under the laws of the United States or of any state thereof or
in the District of Columbia, unless, in the case of a partnership, Treasury
Regulations provide otherwise; is an estate the income of which is subject to
United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or is a trust
whose administration is subject to the primary supervision of a United States
court and which has one or more United States persons who have the authority to
control all substantial decisions of the trust. Notwithstanding the
preceding sentence, to the extent provided in Treasury Regulations, some trusts
in existence on August 20, 1996, and treated as United States persons prior
to this date that elect to continue to be treated as United States persons, are
also considered U.S. stockholders.
Distributions
Generally. As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions out of our
current or accumulated earnings and profits, other than capital gain dividends
discussed below, will constitute dividends taxable to our taxable U.S.
stockholders as ordinary income. These distributions will not be
eligible for the dividends-received deduction in the case of U.S. stockholders
that are corporations. To the extent that we make distributions,
other than capital gain dividends discussed below, in excess of our current and
accumulated earnings and profits, these distributions will be treated first as a
tax-free return of capital to each U.S. stockholder. This treatment
will reduce the adjusted basis which each U.S. stockholder has in his
shares of stock for tax purposes by the amount of the
distribution. This reduction will not, however, reduce a holder’s
adjusted basis below zero. Distributions in excess of a U.S.
stockholder’s adjusted basis in his shares will be taxable as capital gain,
provided that the shares have been held as a capital asset. In
addition, these distributions will be taxable as long-term capital gain if the
shares have been held for more than one year.
Dividends
that we declare in October, November, or December of any year and that are
payable to a stockholder of record on a specified date in any of these months
shall be treated as both paid by us and received by the stockholder on
December 31 of that year, provided we actually pay the dividend on or
before January 31 of the following calendar year. Stockholders
may not include in their own income tax returns any of our net operating losses
or capital losses.
Capital
Gain Distributions. Distributions that we properly designate as
capital gain dividends will be taxable to U.S. stockholders as gains, to the
extent that they do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year,
from the sale or disposition of a capital asset. Capital gain
dividends are taxed to U.S. stockholders as gain from the sale or exchange of a
capital asset held for more than one year. This tax treatment applies
regardless of the period the stockholder has held its shares. If we
designate any portion of a dividend as a capital gain dividend, a U.S.
stockholder will receive an IRS Form 1099-DIV indicating the amount that will be
taxable to the stockholder as capital gain. U.S. stockholders that
are corporations may, however, be required to treat up to 20% of some capital
gain dividends as ordinary income.
Passive
Activity Losses and Investment Interest Limitations. Distributions we
make and gain arising from the sale or exchange by a U.S. stockholder of our
shares will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result,
U.S. stockholders generally will not be able to apply any “passive losses”
against this income or gain. Distributions we make, to the extent
they do not constitute a return of capital, generally will be treated as
investment income for purposes of computing the investment interest
limitation. Gain arising from the sale or other disposition of our
shares, however, will not be treated as investment income under some
circumstances.
Retention
of Net Long-Term Capital Gains.
We may elect to retain, rather than distribute as a capital gain
dividend, our net long-term capital gains. If we make this election,
we would pay tax on our retained net long-term capital gains. In
addition, to the extent we designate, a U.S. stockholder generally would:
include its proportionate share of our undistributed long-term capital gains in
computing its long-term capital gains in its return for its taxable year in
which the last day of our taxable year falls subject to limitations as to the
amount that is includable; be deemed to have paid the capital gains tax imposed
on us on the designated amounts included in the U.S. stockholder’s long-term
capital gains; receive a credit or refund for the amount of tax deemed paid by
it; increase the adjusted basis of its common stock by the difference between
the amount of includable gains and the tax deemed to have been paid by it; and
in the case of a U.S. stockholder that is a corporation, appropriately adjust
its earnings and profits for the retained capital gains in accordance with
Treasury Regulations to be prescribed by the IRS.
Dispositions
of Common Stock
Generally,
gain or loss realized by a shareholder upon the sale of common shares (including
redemptions of common shares which are treated as sales) will be reportable as
capital gain or loss. Such gain or loss will be treated as long-term
capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than 12 months and as
short-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for 12 months or
less. If a shareholder receives a long-term capital gain dividend and
has held the shares for six months or less, any loss incurred on the sale or
exchange of the shares is treated as a long-term capital loss to the extent of
the corresponding long-term capital gain dividend received.
If an
investor recognizes a loss upon a subsequent disposition of our stock in an
amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions
of recently adopted Treasury regulations involving “reportable transactions”
could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss
generating transaction to the IRS. While these regulations are
directed towards “tax shelters,” they are written quite broadly and apply to
transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. In
addition significant penalties are imposed by the Code for failure to comply
with these requirements. You should consult your tax advisor
concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or
disposition of our stock, or transactions that might be undertaken directly or
indirectly by us. Moreover, you should be aware that we and other
participants in the transactions involving us (including their advisors) might
be subject to disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these
regulations.
Backup
Withholding
We report
to our U.S. stockholders and the IRS the amount of dividends paid during each
calendar year, and the amount of any tax withheld. Under the backup
withholding rules, a stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the
rate of 28% with respect to dividends paid unless the holder is a corporation or
comes within other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact,
or provides a taxpayer identification number, certifies as to no loss of
exemption from backup withholding, and otherwise complies with applicable
requirements of the backup withholding rules. A U.S. stockholder that
does not provide us with his correct taxpayer identification number may also be
subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Any amount paid as backup
withholding will be creditable against the stockholder’s income tax
liability. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of
capital gain distributions to any stockholders who fail to certify their
non-foreign status. See “Taxation of Non-U.S.
Stockholders.”
Taxation
of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
The IRS
has ruled that amounts distributed as dividends by a qualified REIT do not
constitute unrelated business taxable income when received by a tax-exempt
entity. Based on that ruling, provided that a tax-exempt shareholder,
except tax-exempt shareholders described below, has not held its shares as “debt
financed property” within the meaning of the Code and the shares are not
otherwise used in a trade or business, dividend income from us will not be
unrelated business taxable income to a tax-exempt
shareholder. Similarly, income from the sale of shares will not
constitute unrelated business taxable income unless a tax-exempt shareholder has
held its shares as “debt financed property” within the meaning of the Code or
has used the shares in its trade or business.
For
tax-exempt shareholders which are social clubs, voluntary employee benefit
associations, supplemental unemployment benefit trusts, and qualified group
legal services plans exempt from federal income taxation under the Code
Section 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20), respectively, income from
an investment in our shares will constitute unrelated business taxable income
unless the organization is able to properly deduct amounts set aside or placed
in reserve for certain purposes so as to offset the income generated by its
investment in our shares. These prospective investors should consult
their own tax advisors concerning these “set aside” and reserve
requirements.
Notwithstanding
the above, however, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 provides that,
effective for taxable years beginning in 1994, a portion of the dividends paid
by a “pension held REIT” shall be treated as unrelated business taxable income
as to any trust which: is described in Section 401(a) of the Code; is
tax-exempt under Section 501(a) of the Code; and holds more than 10%, by
value, of the interests in a REIT. Tax-exempt pension funds that are
described in Section 401(a) of the Code are referred to below as “qualified
trusts.” A REIT is a “pension held REIT” if: it would not have
qualified as a REIT but for the fact that Section 856(h)(3) of the Code
provides that stock owned by qualified trusts shall be treated, for purposes of
the “not closely held” requirement, as owned by the beneficiaries of the trust,
rather than by the trust itself; and either at least one such qualified trust
holds more than 25%, by value, of the interests in a REIT, or one or more such
qualified trusts, each of which owns more than 10%, by value, of the interests
in a REIT, holds in the aggregate more than 50%, by value, of the interests in
the REIT.
The
percentage of any REIT dividend treated as unrelated business taxable income is
equal to the ratio of: the unrelated business taxable income earned by Home
Properties, treating Home Properties as if it were a qualified trust and
therefore subject to tax on unrelated business taxable income, to the total
gross income of Home Properties. A de minimis exception applies where
the percentage is less than 5% for any year. The provisions requiring
qualified trusts to treat a portion of REIT distributions as unrelated business
taxable income will not apply if Home Properties is able to satisfy the “not
closely held” requirement without relying upon the “look-through” exception with
respect to qualified trusts. As a result of the limitations on the
transfer and ownership of stock contained in our articles of incorporation, we
are not and do not expect to be classified as a “pension held
REIT.”
Taxation
Of Non-U.S. Stockholders
When we
use the term “non-U.S. stockholders,” we mean holders of shares of common stock
that are nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign
partnerships or foreign estates or trusts. The rules governing United
States federal income taxation of the ownership and disposition of stock by
persons that are non-U.S. stockholders are complex. No attempt is
made in this prospectus to provide more than a brief summary of these
rules. Accordingly, this discussion does not address all aspects of
United States federal income tax and does not address state, local or foreign
tax consequences that may be relevant to a non-U.S. stockholder in light of its
particular circumstances. In addition, this discussion is based on
current law, which is subject to change, and assumes that we qualify for
taxation as a REIT. Prospective non-U.S. stockholders should consult
with their own tax advisers to determine the impact of federal, state, local and
foreign income tax laws with regard to an investment in stock, including any
reporting requirements.
Distributions. If
we make a distribution that is not attributable to gain from the sale or
exchange of United States real property interests and is not designated as
capital gains dividends, then the distribution will be treated as dividends of
ordinary income to the extent it is made out of current or accumulated earnings
and profits. These distributions ordinarily will be subject to
withholding of United States federal income tax on a gross basis at a 30% rate
or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax
treaty. However, if the dividends are treated as effectively
connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. stockholder of a United States trade
or business, or if an income tax treaty applies, as attributable to a United
States permanent establishment of the non-U.S. stockholder, the dividends will
be subject to tax on a net basis at graduated rates, in the same manner as
domestic stockholders are taxed with respect to such dividends and are generally
not subject to withholding. Such income must generally be reported on
a U.S. income tax return filed by or on behalf of the non-U.S. stockholder and
any such dividends received by a non-U.S. stockholder that is a corporation may
also be subject to an additional branch profits tax at a 30% rate or such lower
rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty. Under
some treaties, lower withholding rates generally applicable to dividends do not
apply to dividends from a REIT. Certification and disclosure
requirements must be satisfied to be exempt from withholding under the
effectively connected income and permanent establishment exemptions discussed
above. Home Properties expects to withhold U.S. income tax at the
rate of 30% on any dividend distributions, not designated as (or deemed to be)
capital gain dividends, made to a non-U.S. stockholder unless:
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a
lower treaty rate applies and the non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form
W-8BEN evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate with Home Properties;
or
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the
non-U.S. stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with Home Properties
claiming that the distribution is effectively connected
income.
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Distributions
we make in excess of our current or accumulated earnings and profits will not be
taxable to a non-U.S. stockholder to the extent that they do not exceed the
adjusted basis of the stockholder’s stock, but rather will reduce the adjusted
basis of such stock. To the extent that these distributions exceed
the adjusted basis of a non-U.S. stockholder’s stock, they will give rise to
gain from the sale or exchange of his stock. The tax treatment of
this gain is described below. If our stock constitutes a “United
States real property interest” under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax
Act of 1980 (“FIRPTA”), Home Properties will be required to withhold at least
10% of any distribution in excess of its current and accumulated earnings and
profits. However, a non-U.S. stockholder may seek a refund of these
amounts.
Distributions
to a non-U.S. stockholder that we designate at the time of distribution as
capital gains dividends, other than those arising from the disposition of a
“United States real property interest,” generally will not be subject to United
States federal income taxation, unless: investment in the stock is effectively
connected with the non-U.S. stockholder’s United States trade or business, in
which case the non-U.S. stockholder will be subject to the same treatment as
domestic stockholders with respect to such gain, except that a stockholder that
is a foreign corporation may also be subject to the 30% branch profits tax, as
discussed above; or the non-U.S. stockholder is a nonresident alien individual
who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year
and has a “tax home” in the United States, in which case the nonresident alien
individual will be subject to a 30% tax on the individual’s capital
gains.
Distributions
to a non-U.S. stockholder that are attributable to gain from our sale or
exchange of United States real property interests will cause the non- U.S.
stockholder to be treated as recognizing this gain as income effectively
connected with a United States trade or business. Non-U.S.
stockholders would thus generally be taxed at the same rates applicable to
domestic stockholders, subject to a special alternative minimum tax in the case
of nonresident alien individuals. Also, this gain may be subject to a
30% branch profits tax in the hands of a non-U.S. stockholder that is a
corporation, as discussed above. We are required to withhold 35% of
any such distribution. That amount is creditable against the non-U.S.
stockholder’s United States federal income tax liability. We or any
nominee (e.g., a broker holding shares in street name) may rely on a certificate
of non-foreign status on Form W-9 or substantially similar form to determine
whether withholding is required on gains realized from the disposition of United
States real property interests. A domestic person who holds shares of
common stock on behalf of a non-U.S. stockholder will bear the burden of
withholding, provided that we have properly designated the appropriate portion
of a distribution as a capital gain dividend.
Sale of
Stock. If you are a non-U.S. stockholder and you recognize gain upon
the sale or exchange of shares of stock, the gain generally will not be subject
to United States taxation unless the stock constitutes a “United States real
property interest” within the meaning of FIRPTA. If we are a
“domestically controlled REIT,” then the stock will not constitute a “United
States real property interest.” A “domestically-controlled REIT” is a
REIT in which at all times during a specified testing period less than 50% in
value of its stock is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S.
stockholders. Because our shares of stock are publicly traded, there
is no assurance that we are or will continue to be a “domestically-controlled
REIT.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, if you are a non-U.S.
stockholder and you recognize gain upon the sale or exchange of shares of stock
and the gain is not subject to FIRPTA, the gain will be subject to United States
taxation if: your investment in the stock is effectively connected with a United
States trade or business, or, if an income treaty applies, is attributable to a
United States permanent establishment; or you are a nonresident alien individual
who is present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year
and you have a “tax home” in the United States. In this case, a
nonresident alien individual will be subject to a 30% United States withholding
tax on the amount of such individual’s gain.
If we are
not or cease to be a “domestically-controlled REIT” whether gain arising from
the sale or exchange by a non-U.S. stockholder of shares of stock would be
subject to United States taxation under FIRPTA as a sale of a “United States
real property interest” will depend on whether the shares are “regularly
traded,” as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, on an established
securities market and on the size of the selling non-U.S. stockholder’s interest
in our shares. If gain on the sale or exchange of shares of stock
were subject to taxation under FIRPTA, the non-U.S. stockholder would be subject
to regular United States income tax on this gain in the same manner as a U.S.
stockholder and the purchaser of the stock would be required to withhold and
remit to the IRS 10% of the purchase price. In addition in this case,
non-U.S. stockholders would be subject to any applicable alternative minimum
tax, nonresident alien individuals may be subject to a special alternative
minimum tax and foreign corporations may be subject to the 30% branch profits
tax.
Backup
Withholding Tax and Information Reporting. Backup withholding tax
generally is a withholding tax imposed at the rate of 28% on reportable
payments, as defined in Section 3406 of the Code, to persons that fail to
furnish the required information under the United States information reporting
requirements. Backup withholding tax and information reporting will
generally not apply to distributions paid to non-U.S. stockholders outside the
United States that are treated as: dividends subject to the 30%, or lower treaty
rate, withholding tax discussed above; capital gains dividends; or distributions
attributable to gain from our sale or exchange of United States real property
interests. As a general matter, backup withholding and information
reporting will not apply to a payment of the proceeds of a sale of stock by or
through a foreign office of a foreign broker. Information reporting,
but not backup withholding, will apply, however, to a payment of the proceeds of
a sale of stock by a foreign office of a broker that: is a United States person;
derives 50% or more of its gross income for specific periods from the conduct of
a trade or business in the United States; or is a “controlled foreign
corporation” for United States tax purposes. Information reporting
will not apply if the broker has documentary evidence in its records that the
holder is a non-U.S. stockholder and other conditions are met, or the
stockholder otherwise establishes an exemption. Payment to or through
a United States office of a broker of the proceeds of sale of stocks is subject
to both backup withholding and information reporting unless the stockholder
certifies under penalties of perjury that the stockholder is a non-U.S.
stockholder, or otherwise establishes an exemption. A non-U.S.
stockholder may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld under the backup
withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the
IRS.
Tax
Aspects of the Operating Partnership
General. Substantially
all of our investments will be held indirectly through the Operating
Partnership. In general, partnerships are “pass-through” entities
which are not subject to federal income tax. Rather, partners are
allocated their proportionate shares of the items of income, gain, loss,
deduction and credit of a partnership, and are potentially subject to tax
thereon, without regard to whether the partners receive a distribution from the
partnership. We will include in our income our proportionate share of
the foregoing partnership items for purposes of the various REIT income tests
and in the computation of our REIT taxable income. Moreover, for
purposes of the REIT asset tests, we will include our proportionate share of
assets held by the Operating Partnership. See “Taxation of Home
Properties.”
Entity
Classification. Our interests in the Operating Partnership involve
special tax considerations, including the possibility of a challenge by the IRS
of the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership, as opposed to an
association taxable as a corporation, for federal income tax
purposes. If the Operating Partnership were treated as an
association, it would be taxable as a corporation and therefore be subject to an
entity-level tax on its income. In such a situation, the character of
our assets and items of gross income would change and preclude us from
satisfying the asset tests and possibly the income tests (see “Taxation of Home
Properties - Asset Tests” and “-Income Tests”). This, in turn, could
prevent us from qualifying as a REIT unless we are eligible for relief from the
violation pursuant to relief provisions described above. See
“Taxation of Home Properties - Failure to Qualify” above for a discussion of the
effect of our failure to meet these tests for a taxable year. In
addition, a change in the Operating Partnership’s status for tax purposes might
be treated as a taxable event. If so, we might incur a tax liability
without any related cash distributions.
Treasury
Regulations that apply for tax period beginning on or after January 1,
1997, provide that an “eligible entity” may elect to be taxed as a partnership
for federal income tax purposes. An eligible entity is a domestic
business entity not otherwise classified as a corporation and which has at least
two members. Unless it elects otherwise, an eligible entity in
existence prior to January 1, 1997, will have the same classification for
federal income tax purposes that it claimed under the entity classification
Treasury Regulations in effect prior to this date. In addition, an
eligible entity which did not exist, or did not claim a classification, prior to
January 1, 1997, will be classified as a partnership for federal income tax
purposes unless it elects otherwise. The Operating Partnership
intends to claim classification as a partnership under these
regulations.
Even if
the Operating Partnership is taxable as a partnership under these Treasury
Regulations, it could be treated as a corporation for federal income tax
purposes under the “publicly traded partnership” rules of Section 7704 of
the Code. A publicly traded partnership is a partnership whose
interests trade on an established securities market or are readily tradable on a
secondary market, or the substantial equivalent thereof. While units
of the Operating Partnership are not and will not be traded on an established
trading market, there is some risk that the IRS might treat the units held by
the limited partners of the Operating Partnership as readily tradable because,
after any applicable holding period, they may be exchanged for our common stock,
which is traded on an established market. A publicly traded
partnership will be treated as a corporation for federal income tax purposes
unless at least 90% of such partnership’s gross income for a taxable year
consists of “qualifying income” under the publicly traded partnership provisions
of Section 7704 of the Code. “Qualifying income” under
Section 7704 of the Code includes interest, dividends, real property rents,
gains from the disposition of real property, and certain income or gains from
the exploitation of natural resources. Therefore, qualifying income
under Section 7704 of the Code generally includes any income that is
qualifying income for purposes of the 95% gross income test applicable to
REITs. We anticipate that the Operating Partnership will satisfy the
90% qualifying income test under Section 7704 of the Code and, thus, will
not be taxed as a corporation.
There is
one significant difference, however, regarding rent received from related party
tenants. For a REIT, rent from a tenant does not qualify as rents
from real property if the REIT and/or one or more actual or constructive owners
of 10% or more of the REIT actually or constructively own 10% or more of the
tenant. See “Taxation of Home Properties - Income
Tests.” Under Section 7704 of the Code, rent from a tenant is
not qualifying income if a partnership and/or one or more actual or constructive
owners of 5% or more of the partnership actually or constructively own 10% or
more of the tenant.
Accordingly,
we will need to monitor compliance with both the REIT rules and the publicly
traded partnership rules. The Operating Partnership has not
requested, nor does it intend to request, a ruling from the IRS that it will be
treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. In the
opinion of Nixon Peabody LLP, which is based on the provisions of the
partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership and on certain factual
assumptions and representations of Home Properties, the Operating Partnership
has since its formation and will continue to be taxed as a partnership rather
than an association taxable as a corporation. Nixon Peabody LLP’s
opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts.
Tax
Allocations with Respect to the Properties. Under Section 704(c)
of the Code, income, gain, loss and deduction attributable to appreciated or
depreciated property that is contributed to a partnership in exchange for an
interest in the partnership, must be allocated in a manner so that the
contributing partner is charged with the “book-tax difference” associated with
the property at the time of the contribution. The book-tax difference
with respect to property that is contributed to a partnership is generally equal
to the difference between the fair market value of contributed property at the
time of contribution and the adjusted tax basis of the property at the time of
contribution. These allocations are solely for federal income tax
purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal
arrangements among the partners. The Operating Partnership was formed
by way of contributions of appreciated property, including some of the
properties. Moreover, subsequent to the formation of the Operating
Partnership, additional persons have contributed appreciated property to the
Operating Partnership in exchange for interests in the Operating
Partnership.
The
partnership agreement requires that these allocations be made in a manner
consistent with Section 704(c) of the Code. In general, limited
partners of the Operating Partnership who acquired their limited partnership
interests through a contribution of appreciated property will be allocated
depreciation deductions for tax purposes which are lower than these deductions
would be if determined on a pro rata basis. In addition, in the event
of the disposition of any of the contributed assets which have a book-tax
difference all income attributable to the book-tax difference will generally be
allocated to the limited partners who contributed the property, and we will
generally be allocated only our share of capital gains attributable to
appreciation, if any, occurring after the time of contribution to the Operating
Partnership. This will tend to eliminate the book-tax difference over
the life of the Operating Partnership. However, the special
allocation rules of Section 704(c) do not always entirely eliminate the
book-tax difference on an annual basis or with respect to a specific taxable
transaction such as a sale. Thus, the carryover basis of the
contributed assets in the hands of the Operating Partnership may cause us to be
allocated lower depreciation and other deductions. Possibly we could
be allocated an amount of taxable income in the event of a sale of these
contributed assets in excess of the economic or book income allocated to us as a
result of the sale. This may cause us to recognize taxable income in
excess of cash proceeds, which might adversely affect our ability to comply with
the REIT distribution requirements. See “Taxation of Home Properties
- Annual Distribution Requirements.”
Basis in
the Operating Partnership Interest. The adjusted tax basis in our
interest in the Operating Partnership generally will be equal to: the amount of
cash and the basis of any other property we contribute to the Operating
Partnership, increased by our allocable share of the Operating Partnership’s
income and our allocable share of indebtedness of the Operating Partnership, and
reduced, but not below zero, by our allocable share of losses suffered by the
Operating Partnership, the amount of cash distributed to us and constructive
distributions resulting from a reduction in our share of indebtedness of the
Operating Partnership. If the allocation of our distributive share of
the Operating Partnership’s loss exceeds the adjusted tax basis of our
partnership interest in the Operating Partnership, the recognition of this
excess loss will be deferred until such time and to the extent that we have
adjusted tax basis in our interest in the Operating Partnership. We
will recognize taxable income to the extent that the Operating Partnership’s
distributions, or any decrease in our share of the indebtedness of the Operating
Partnership, exceeds our adjusted tax basis in the Operating
Partnership. A decrease in our share of the indebtedness of the
Operating Partnership is considered a cash distribution.
Sale of
Partnership Property. Generally, any gain realized by a partnership
on the sale of property held by the partnership for more than one year will be
long-term capital gain, except for any portion of such gain that is treated as
depreciation or cost recovery recapture. However, under the REIT
Requirements, Home Properties’ share as a partner of any gain realized by the
Operating Partnership on the sale of any property held as inventory or other
property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade
or business will be treated as income from a prohibited transaction that is
subject to a 100% penalty tax. See “Taxation of Home
Properties.” Such prohibited transaction income will also have an
adverse effect upon Home Properties’ ability to satisfy the income tests for
REIT status. Under existing law, whether property is held as
inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade
or business is a question of fact that depends on all the facts and
circumstances with respect to the particular transaction.
Taxation
of holders of debt securities and potential tax consequences of their investment
in the debt securities.
Stated
Interest.
Holders
of debt securities are required to include stated interest on the debt
securities in gross income for federal income tax purposes in accordance with
their methods of accounting for tax purposes. The following discussion assumes
that the debt securities were not issued with original issue
discount.
Market
Discount.
The
holding and disposition of debt securities may be subject to the market discount
provisions of the Code. These rules generally provide that if a holder of a debt
instrument purchases it at a market discount and subsequently recognizes gain on
a disposition of the debt security, including a disposition as a gift or payment
on maturity, the lesser of such gain, or appreciation in the case of a gift, and
the portion of the market discount that accrued while the debt security was held
by such holder will be treated as ordinary interest income at the time of the
disposition. A purchase at a market discount under these provisions
includes a purchase after original issuance at a price below the debt security’s
stated principal amount. The market discount rules also provide that a holder
who acquires a debt security at a market discount and who does not elect to
include such market discount in income on a current basis may be required to
defer a portion of any interest expense that may otherwise be deductible on any
indebtedness incurred or maintained to purchase or carry such debt security
until the holder disposes of the debt security in a taxable
transaction.
A holder
of a debt security acquired at a market discount may elect to include the market
discount in income as the discount thereon accrues, either on a straight line
basis or, if elected, on a constant interest rate basis. The current inclusion
election, once made, applies to all market discount obligations acquired by such
holder on or after the first day of the first taxable year to which the election
applies and may not be revoked without the consent of the IRS. If a holder of a
debt security elects to include market discount in income in accordance with the
preceding sentence, the foregoing rules with respect to the recognition of
ordinary income on a sale or particular other dispositions of such debt security
and the deferral of interest deductions on indebtedness related to such debt
security would not apply.
Amortizable
bond premium.
Generally,
under the Code and applicable regulations, if the tax basis of an obligation
held as a capital asset exceeds the amount payable at maturity of the
obligation, such excess may constitute amortizable bond premium. The holder of
the debt security may elect to amortize under the constant interest rate method
and deduct the amortized premium over the period from the holder’s acquisition
date to the obligation’s maturity date. A holder who elects to amortize bond
premium must reduce the tax basis in the related obligation by the amount of the
aggregate deductions allowable for amortizable bond premium.
The
amortizable bond premium deduction is treated as an offset to interest income on
the related security for federal income tax purposes. Each prospective purchaser
is urged to consult his tax advisor as to the consequences of the treatment of
such premium as an offset to interest income for federal income tax
purposes.
Disposition.
In
general, a holder of a debt security will recognize gain or loss upon the sale,
exchange, redemption, payment upon maturity or other taxable disposition of the
debt security. The gain or loss is measured by the difference between (a) the
amount of cash and the fair market value of property received and (b) the
holder’s tax basis in the debt security as increased by any market discount
previously included in income by the holder and decreased by any amortizable
bond premium deducted over the term of the debt security. However, the amount of
cash and the fair market value received excludes cash or other property
attributable to the payment of accrued interest not previously included in
income, which amount will be taxable as ordinary income. Subject to the market
discount and amortizable bond premium rules above, any such gain or loss will
generally be long-term capital gain or loss, provided the debt security was a
capital asset in the hands of the holder and had been held for more than one
year.
Other
Tax Consequences
State and
Local Tax Considerations. We may be subject to state or local
taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we
transact business and our stockholders may be subject to state or local taxation
in various state or local jurisdiction, including those in which they
reside. Our state and local tax treatment may not conform to the
federal income tax consequences discussed above. In addition, your
state and local tax treatment may not conform to the federal income tax
consequences discussed above. Consequently, you should consult your
own tax advisors regarding the effect of state and local tax laws on an
investment in our shares.
Possible
Federal Tax Developments. The rules dealing with federal income
taxation are constantly under review by the IRS, the Treasury Department and
Congress. New federal tax legislation or other provisions may be
enacted into law or new interpretations, rulings or Treasury Regulations could
be adopted, all of which could affect the taxation of Home Properties or of its
stockholders. No prediction can be made as to the likelihood of
passage of any new tax legislation or other provisions either directly or
indirectly affecting Home Properties or its
stockholders. Consequently, the tax treatment described herein may be
modified prospectively or retroactively by legislative, judicial or
administrative action.
PLAN
OF DISTRIBUTION
Sales
by Home Properties
We may
sell the securities being offered, from time to time:
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through
agents to the public or to
investors;
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to
underwriters for resale to the public or to
investors;
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directly
to investors; or
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through
a combination of any of these methods of
sale.
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We will
describe in a prospectus supplement the terms of that particular offering of
securities, including:
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the
name or names of any agents or
underwriters;
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the
purchase price of the securities being offered and the proceeds we will
receive from the sale;
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any
over-allotment options under which underwriters may purchase additional
securities from us;
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any
agency fees or underwriting discounts and other items constituting agents’
or underwriters’ compensation;
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any
initial public offering price;
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any
discounts or concessions allowed or reallowed or paid to dealers;
and
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any
securities exchanges or markets on which such securities may be
listed.
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Sales
by Selling Securities Holders
Selling
securities holders may use this prospectus in connection with resales of the
securities. The applicable prospectus supplement will identify the
selling securities holders and the terms of the securities. Selling
securities holders may be deemed to be underwriters in connection with the
securities they resell and any profits on the sales may be deemed to be
underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended. The selling securities holders will receive all the proceeds
from the sale of the securities. We will not receive any proceeds
from sales by selling securities holders. Any prospectus supplement
covering sales of securities by selling securities holders may describe
additional statements of their plan of distribution of those
securities. Any prospectus supplement covering sales of securities by
selling securities holders may describe additional elements of such holders’
plan of distribution of such securities.
We may
designate agents who agree to use their reasonable efforts to solicit purchases
of our securities for the period of their appointment or to sell our securities
on a continuing basis.
If we use
underwriters for a sale of securities, the underwriters will acquire the
securities for their own account. The underwriters may resell the
securities from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated
transactions, at a fixed public offering price or at varying prices determined
at the time of sale. The obligations of the underwriters to purchase
the securities will be subject to the conditions set forth in the applicable
underwriting agreement. The underwriters will be obligated to
purchase all the securities of the series offered if they purchase any of the
securities of that series. From time to time, we may change any
initial public offering price, and any discounts or concessions the underwriters
allow or re-allow or pay to dealers may be changed by the
underwriters. We may use underwriters with whom we have a material
relationship. We will describe the nature of any such relationship in
any prospectus supplement naming any such underwriter.
Underwriters,
dealers or agents that are involved in selling the securities may be deemed to
be ‘‘underwriters’’ within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the
Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any
commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the
resale of the securities purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting
commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. We may have
agreements with underwriters, dealers or agents to indemnify them against
certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or
to contribute to payments they may be required to make.
If
indicated in a prospectus supplement, we may also sell securities directly to
one or more purchasers without using underwriters or
agents. Underwriters, dealers and agents that participate in the
distribution of the securities may be underwriters as defined in the Securities
Act, and any discounts or commissions they receive from us and any profit on
their resale of the securities may be treated as underwriting discounts and
commissions under the Securities Act. We will identify in the
applicable prospectus supplement any underwriters, dealers or agents and will
describe their compensation. We may have agreements with the
underwriters, dealers and agents to indemnify them against specified civil
liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities
Act. Underwriters, dealers and agents may engage in transactions with
or perform services for us in the ordinary course of their
businesses.
Trading
Markets and Listing of Securities
Some or
all of the securities that we offer through this prospectus may be new issues of
securities with no established trading market, other than our common stock,
which is listed on The New York Stock Exchange. We may elect to list
any other class or series of securities on any exchange or market, but we are
not obligated to do so. It is possible that one or more underwriters
may make a market in a class or series of securities, but the underwriters will
not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time
without notice. We cannot give any assurance as to the liquidity of
the trading market for any of the securities.
In order
to facilitate the offering of the securities, any underwriters or agents, as the
case may be, involved in the offering of such securities may engage in
transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of such
securities. Specifically, the underwriters or agents, as the case may
be, may overallot in connection with the offering, creating a short position in
such securities for their own account. In addition, to cover
overallotments or to stabilize the price of such securities, the underwriters or
agents, as the case may be, may bid for, and purchase, such securities in the
open market. Finally, in any offering of such securities through a
syndicate of underwriters, the underwriting syndicate may reclaim selling
concessions allotted to an underwriter or a dealer for distributing such
securities in the offering if the syndicate repurchases previously distributed
securities in transactions to cover syndicate short positions, in stabilization
transactions or otherwise. Any of these activities may cause the
price of the securities to be higher than it would otherwise be. The
underwriters or agents, as the case may be, may discontinue any of these
activities at any time.
EXPERTS
The
financial statements and management’s assessment of the effectiveness of
internal control over financial reporting (which is included in Management’s
Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting) incorporated in this
Prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2006 have been so incorporated in reliance on the report of
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm,
given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and
accounting.
LEGAL
MATTERS
The
validity of the securities offered hereby will be passed upon by Nixon Peabody
LLP, Rochester, New York. Nixon Peabody LLP has also provided an
opinion with respect to certain tax matters which form the basis of the
discussion under the heading “Federal Income Tax Considerations.”