Document
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________________________________
FORM 10-Q

x  QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
or
¨  TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from            to            

Commission File No. 000-51754
_____________________________________________________________
CROCS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
20-2164234
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
7477 East Dry Creek Parkway, Niwot, Colorado 80503
(Address, including zip code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)
(303) 848-7000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
_____________________________________________________________

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  x   No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer o
Accelerated filer ý
Non-accelerated filer o
Smaller reporting company o
Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨   No x

As of October 31, 2018, Crocs, Inc. had 66,801,007 shares of its $0.001 par value common stock outstanding.
 



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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). From time to time, we may also provide oral or written forward-looking statements in other materials we release to the public. Such forward-looking statements are subject to the safe harbor created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Statements that refer to industry trends, projections of our future financial performance, anticipated trends in our business and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. These statements, which express management’s current views concerning future events or results, use words like “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “strive,” and future or conditional tense verbs like “could,” “may,” “might,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make regarding:

our expectations regarding future trends, selling, general and administrative cost savings, expectations, and performance of our business;
our belief that we have sufficient liquidity to fund our business operations during the next twelve months; and
our expectations about the impact of our strategic plans.

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements include, without limitation, those described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” under Item 1A in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and our subsequent filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Moreover, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.
 


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Crocs, Inc.
Table of Contents to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2018
 
PART I — Financial Information
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


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PART I — Financial Information
 
ITEM 1. Financial Statements
 
CROCS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018

2017
 
2018
 
2017
Revenues
$
261,064

 
$
243,273

 
$
872,216

 
$
824,401

Cost of sales
122,005

 
119,810

 
411,884

 
397,547

Gross profit
139,059

 
123,463

 
460,332

 
426,854

Selling, general and administrative expenses
125,164

 
120,778

 
383,451

 
379,141

Income from operations
13,895

 
2,685

 
76,881

 
47,713

Foreign currency gains (losses), net
233

 
(257
)
 
1,587

 
181

Interest income
422

 
269

 
847

 
576

Interest expense
(126
)
 
(167
)
 
(371
)
 
(539
)
Other income, net
160

 
54

 
229

 
187

Income before income taxes
14,584

 
2,584

 
79,173

 
48,118

Income tax expense
4,092

 
955

 
17,850

 
13,519

Net income
10,492

 
1,629

 
61,323

 
34,599

Dividends on Series A convertible preferred stock
(3,000
)
 
(3,000
)
 
(9,000
)
 
(9,000
)
Dividend equivalents on Series A convertible preferred stock related to redemption value accretion and beneficial conversion feature
(972
)
 
(892
)
 
(2,854
)
 
(2,621
)
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
6,520

 
$
(2,263
)
 
$
49,469

 
$
22,978

Net income (loss) per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.08

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.60

 
$
0.26

Diluted
$
0.07

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.58

 
$
0.26

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
67,821

 
71,895

 
68,223

 
73,212

Diluted
72,774

 
71,895

 
71,104

 
74,160

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.


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CROCS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
  
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net income
$
10,492

 
$
1,629

 
$
61,323

 
$
34,599

Other comprehensive income:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation gains (losses), net
3,415

 
4,124

 
(7,140
)
 
11,589

Reclassification of foreign currency translation loss to income (1)
(3,572
)
 

 
(4,412
)
 

Total comprehensive income
$
10,335

 
$
5,753

 
$
49,771

 
$
46,188

(1) Reclassification of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment upon closure of manufacturing operations.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.



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CROCS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands, except share and par value amounts)
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
ASSETS
 

 
 

Current assets:
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents
$
203,046

 
$
172,128

Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $20,508 and $31,389, respectively
110,478

 
83,518

Inventories
117,684

 
130,347

Income taxes receivable
11,872

 
3,652

Other receivables
9,387

 
10,664

Restricted cash - current
1,908

 
2,144

Prepaid expenses and other assets
25,856

 
22,596

Total current assets
480,231

 
425,049

Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $81,043 and $91,806, respectively
24,216

 
35,032

Intangible assets, net
48,196

 
56,427

Goodwill
1,634

 
1,688

Deferred tax assets, net
12,567

 
10,174

Restricted cash
2,244

 
2,783

Other assets
8,858

 
12,542

Total assets
$
577,946

 
$
543,695

 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 

 
 

Current liabilities:
 

 
 

Accounts payable
$
57,125

 
$
66,381

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
99,793

 
84,446

Income taxes payable
24,683

 
5,515

Current portion of borrowings and capital lease obligations
11

 
676

Total current liabilities
181,612

 
157,018

Long-term income taxes payable
4,334

 
6,081

Other liabilities
9,679

 
12,298

Total liabilities
195,625

 
175,397

Commitments and contingencies:


 


Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, 1.0 million shares authorized, 0.2 million outstanding, liquidation preference $203 million
185,288

 
182,433

Stockholders’ equity:
 

 
 

Preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, 4.0 million shares authorized, none outstanding

 

Common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 250 million shares authorized, 96.0 million and 94.8 million issued, 67.6 million and 68.8 million outstanding, respectively
96

 
95

Treasury stock, at cost, 28.4 million and 26.0 million shares, respectively
(371,107
)
 
(334,312
)
Additional paid-in capital
383,090

 
373,045

Retained earnings
239,900

 
190,431

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(54,946
)
 
(43,394
)
Total stockholders’ equity
197,033

 
185,865

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$
577,946

 
$
543,695

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CROCS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)
(in thousands)
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
 

 
 

Net income
$
61,323

 
$
34,599

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 

 
 

Depreciation and amortization
21,535

 
24,701

Unrealized foreign currency (gain) loss, net
(2,028
)
 
1,017

Share-based compensation
9,320

 
6,851

Other non-cash items
8,104

 
(1,208
)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 
 
 

Accounts receivable, net of allowances
(37,394
)
 
(9,068
)
Inventories
4,468

 
12,435

Prepaid expenses and other assets
5,271

 
12,997

Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities
15,271

 
(1,909
)
Cash provided by operating activities
85,870

 
80,415

Cash flows from investing activities:
 

 
 

Purchases of property, equipment, and software
(5,224
)
 
(14,263
)
Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment
1,325

 
1,562

Cash used in investing activities
(3,899
)
 
(12,701
)
Cash flows from financing activities:
 

 
 

Proceeds from bank borrowings

 
5,500

Repayments of bank borrowings and capital lease obligations
(680
)
 
(8,222
)
Dividends—Series A convertible preferred stock
(9,000
)
 
(9,000
)
Repurchases of common stock
(37,046
)
 
(25,645
)
Other
31

 
(233
)
Cash used in financing activities
(46,695
)
 
(37,600
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
(5,133
)
 
499

Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash
30,143

 
30,613

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash—beginning of period
177,055

 
152,646

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash—end of period
$
207,198

 
$
183,259

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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CROCS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
 
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Unless otherwise noted in this report, any description of the “Company,” “Crocs,” “we,” “us,” or “our” includes Crocs, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries within our reportable operating segments and corporate operations. The Company is engaged in the design, development, worldwide marketing, distribution, and sale of casual lifestyle footwear and accessories for men, women, and children. We strive to be the global leader in the sale of molded footwear characterized by functionality, comfort, color, and lightweight design.

Our reportable operating segments include: the Americas, operating in North and South America; Asia Pacific, operating throughout Asia, Australia, and New Zealand; and Europe, operating throughout Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Russia, Africa, and the Middle East. In the third quarter of 2018, certain revenues and expenses previously reported within the ‘Asia Pacific’ segment were shifted to the ‘Europe’ segment. See Note 13 — Operating Segments and Geographic Information for additional information. The previously reported amounts for revenues and income from operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 have been revised to conform to the current year presentation.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly-owned subsidiaries, and reflect all adjustments which are necessary for a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Such unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.

These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (“Annual Report”), and have been prepared on a consistent basis with the accounting policies described in Note 1 of the Notes to the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in our Annual Report. Our accounting policies did not change during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, other than for the change in accounting principle described in “Inventories” below and the new accounting pronouncements adopted as described in Note 2 — Recent Accounting Pronouncements.

Seasonality of Business

Due to the seasonal nature of our footwear, which is more heavily focused on styles suitable for warm weather, revenues generated during our fourth quarter are typically less than revenues generated during our first three quarters, when the northern hemisphere is experiencing warmer weather. Our quarterly results of operations may also fluctuate significantly as a result of a variety of other factors, including the timing of new model introductions, general economic conditions, and consumer confidence. Accordingly, results of operations and cash flows for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of expected results for any other quarter or for any other year.

Transactions with Affiliates

The Company receives services from three subsidiaries of Blackstone Capital Partners VI L.P. (“Blackstone”). Blackstone and certain of its permitted transferees currently beneficially own all the outstanding shares of the Company’s Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”), which is convertible into approximately 13.8 million shares, or 17.0%, of the Company’s common stock as of September 30, 2018. Blackstone also has the right to nominate two representatives to serve on the Company’s Board of Directors.

Certain Blackstone subsidiaries provide various services to the Company, including inventory count services, cybersecurity and consulting, and workforce management services. The Company paid $0.1 million for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $0.5 million and $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, for these services. Expenses related to these services are reported in ‘Selling, general and administrative expenses’ in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.



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Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of funds to secure certain retail store leases, certain customs requirements, and other contractual arrangements.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company completed implementation of a new inventory costing system for approximately 95% of its inventories. In connection with the implementation, the Company changed its method of inventory costing from a moving average cost method to a first-in-first-out method. The Company believes this change in accounting principle is preferable because it results in more precision and consistency in global and regional inventory costs, more efficient analysis and better matching of inventory costs with revenues, better matches the physical flow of inventories, and improves comparability with industry peers. The change from the Company’s former inventory cost method did not have a material effect on inventory or cost of sales, and, as a result, prior comparative financial statements have not been restated.

As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our finished goods inventories accounted for 99.3% and 97.5%, respectively, of our consolidated inventories, and the remaining balance consisted of raw materials and work-in-process.

Marketing Expenses

Total marketing expenses inclusive of advertising, production, promotion, and agency expenses were $14.5 million and $9.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $55.4 million and $49.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Marketing expenses are reported in ‘Selling, general and administrative expenses’ in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Prepaid advertising and promotional endorsement expenses of $9.3 million and $7.0 million are included in ‘Prepaid expenses and other assets’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
 
New Accounting Pronouncement Adopted

Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

In March 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued authoritative guidance on the income tax accounting implications of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act (“Tax Act”), addressing the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The guidance provides a measurement period for companies to evaluate the impacts of the Tax Act on their financial statements. This measurement period begins in the reporting period that includes the enactment date and ends when an entity has obtained, prepared, and analyzed the information that was needed in order to complete the accounting requirements, and cannot exceed one year.

Due to the timing of the enactment and the complexity involved in applying the provisions of the Tax Act, we made reasonable estimates of the effects and recorded provisional amounts in our financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2017, including provisional estimates for the Base Erosion and Anti-abuse Tax (“BEAT”), Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”), and transition tax. The U.S. Treasury Department, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”), and other standard-setting bodies may issue guidance on how the provisions of the Tax Act will be applied or otherwise administered that is different from our interpretation. As we collect and prepare necessary data, and interpret the Tax Act and any additional guidance issued by the IRS or other standard-setting bodies, we may make adjustments to the provisional amounts that could materially affect our financial position and results of operations as well as our effective tax rate in the period in which the adjustments are made. See Note 10 — Income Taxes for more information.

Stock Compensation Scope of Modification Accounting

In May 2017, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to clarify those changes to terms and conditions of stock-based compensation awards that are required to be accounted for as modifications of existing stock-based awards. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.


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Clarifying the Definition of a Business

In January 2017, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to clarify the definition of a business, for purposes of determining whether a business has been acquired or sold, and consequently whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions or disposals of a business or as acquisitions or disposals of assets. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have an impact on our condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Statements of Cash Flows - Classification and Change in Restricted Cash

In August 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to clarify how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statements of cash flows. In November 2016, the FASB issued additional guidance requiring that restricted cash be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts reported in the statements of cash flows. The guidance is applied retrospectively to all periods presented and is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. As a result of the adoption, the Company changed the presentation in its statements of cash flows for all periods presented.

Prepaid Stored-Value Products

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance related to the recognition of breakage for certain prepaid stored-value products. The standard is effective for annual periods (including interim periods) beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued authoritative guidance related to revenue recognition from contracts with customers. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the guidance using the modified retrospective method. The comparative information presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements was not restated and is reported under the accounting standards in effect for the periods presented. The adoption of this guidance did not have, and is not expected to have, a significant impact on our reported revenues, gross margins or income from operations.

Substantially all of the Company’s revenues are recognized when control of product passes to customers when the products are shipped or delivered. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company changed its balance sheet presentation for expected product returns by reporting a product return asset for the right to receive returned products and a returns liability for amounts expected to be refunded to customers as a result of product returns. The product return asset is reported within ‘Prepaid expenses and other assets’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The returns liability and payments received from customers for future delivery of products are reported within ‘Accrued liabilities and other expenses’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The Company elected to account for shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control of product passes to customers as fulfillment costs, which are expensed as incurred and included in ‘Cost of sales’ in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. There is no change to the Company’s comparative reporting of shipping and handling costs as a result of adoption.
 
The Company elected to expense incremental costs to obtain customer contracts, consisting primarily of commission incentives, when incurred and reports these costs within ‘Selling, general and administrative expenses’ in its condensed consolidated statements of operations. There is no change to the Company’s comparative reporting of incremental costs to obtain customer contracts as a result of adoption.


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The impact of adoption on the January 1, 2018 condensed consolidated balance sheet was:
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Impact of Adoption (1)
 
January 1, 2018
 
 
(in thousands)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
 
$
83,518

 
$
1,801

 
$
85,319

  Prepaid expenses and other assets
 
22,596

 
1,555

 
24,151

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
84,446

 
3,356

 
87,802

(1) Prior to adoption, product return assets and return liabilities were reported within ‘Accounts receivable, net’, within the allowance for doubtful accounts. As of the adoption date, the product return assets were reclassified and reported as a component of ‘Prepaid expenses and other assets’, and return liabilities were reclassified to ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The impact of the new revenue recognition guidance on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2018 was:
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
Balances Without Adoption
 
Effects of New Guidance (1)
 
As Reported
 
 
(in thousands)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
 
$
106,091

 
$
4,387

 
$
110,478

Prepaid expenses and other assets
 
22,982

 
2,874

 
25,856

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
92,532

 
7,261

 
99,793

(1) The new revenue recognition guidance requires comparative disclosures of the effects of the new guidance on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for all interim periods during the year of adoption. The new guidance did not have a significant effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended September 30, 2018.

See Note 8 — Revenues for additional disclosures.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

In February 2018, the FASB issued authoritative guidance that permits reclassification of the income tax effects of the Tax Act on accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) to retained earnings. This guidance may be adopted retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the income tax effects of the Tax Act related to items remaining in AOCI are recognized, or at the beginning of the period of adoption. The guidance becomes effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of this standard will have a significant impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued authoritative guidance intended to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability, measured on a discounted basis, at the commencement date for all leases with terms greater than twelve months. Additionally, this guidance will require disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users to better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases, including qualitative and quantitative requirements. The guidance will be applied under a modified retrospective

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transition approach. The guidance and related amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted.

In July 2017, the Company established an implementation team and engaged external advisers and solution providers to develop a multi-phase plan to assess the Company’s leasing arrangements, as well as any changes to accounting policies, processes, or necessary systems. The Company has procured the necessary software and services to facilitate adoption of the guidance. The Company is continuing its detailed review of its leases and other contractual arrangements, assessments of its systems and related accounting procedures and controls requirements. The Company has begun implementation of the software selected. The Company has elected all of the available transition practical expedients, including the ‘package of practical expedients’, which permits us not to reassess under the new standard our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial direct costs, has elected not to apply ‘hindsight’ when adopting the standard, and has elected the short-term lease exemption. Further, the Company has elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for all of its leases. Substantially all of the Company’s leases are operating leases under the new standard.
The Company will adopt this guidance on January 1, 2019, which will also be the effective date for implementation of the standard. Consequently, financial information will not be updated and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2019. We expect that this standard will have a material effect on our financial statements. While we continue to assess all of the effects of the new standard, upon adoption we expect adoption to result in recognition of significant new lease-related assets and lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, and significant new disclosures in the footnotes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company does not expect that adoption of the standard will have a significant effect on the consolidated operating income or the cash flows of the Company.

Other Pronouncements

Other new pronouncements issued but not effective until after September 30, 2018 are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

3. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES
 
Amounts reported in ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheets were:
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
 
(in thousands)
Accrued compensation and benefits
$
40,960

 
$
34,955

Professional services
11,042

 
10,835

Accrued rent and occupancy
7,826

 
8,535

Fulfillment, freight, and duties
8,647

 
6,921

Royalties payable and deferred revenue
3,940

 
6,193

Sales/use and value added taxes payable
7,342

 
3,509

Return liabilities (1)
7,261

 

Other (2)
12,775

 
13,498

Total accrued expenses and other liabilities
$
99,793

 
$
84,446

(1) Return liabilities are presented within ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ upon adoption of new authoritative guidance on revenue recognition effective January 1, 2018, as described in Note 2 — Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
(2) Includes current liabilities of $3.0 million related to Series A Preferred Stock dividends at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
 
All of the Company’s derivative instruments are classified as Level 2 and are reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets within either ‘Prepaid expenses and other assets’ or ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The fair values of the Company’s derivative instruments were an asset of $0.6 million and a liability of $0.4 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. See Note 5 — Derivative Financial Instruments for more information.


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The carrying amounts of the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and current accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair value as recorded due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

The Company’s borrowing instruments are recorded at their carrying values in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, which may differ from their respective fair values. The fair values of the Company’s outstanding notes payable approximate their carrying values at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, based on interest rates currently available to the Company for similar borrowings.
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Borrowings and capital lease obligations
$
26

 
$
26

 
$
706

 
$
706


Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

The Company’s non-financial assets, which primarily consist of property and equipment, goodwill, and other intangible assets, are not required to be carried at fair value on a recurring basis and are reported at carrying value. The fair values of these assets are determined based on Level 3 measurements, including estimates of the amount and timing of future cash flows based upon historical experience, expected market conditions, and management’s plans. Impairment expense is reported in ‘Selling, general and administrative expenses’ in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded non-cash impairment expenses of $0.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively, to reduce the carrying values of certain retail store assets. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded non-cash impairment expenses of $0.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, to reduce the carrying values of certain supply chain assets related to the closure of our Mexico and Italy manufacturing and distribution facilities, included in ‘Other businesses,’ to their estimated fair values. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded non-cash impairment expenses of $0.2 million to reduce the carrying values of certain retail store assets.

5. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
 
The Company transacts business in various foreign countries and is therefore exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk that impacts the reported U.S. Dollar amounts of revenues, expenses, and certain foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities. In order to manage exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency and to reduce the volatility in earnings caused by fluctuations in foreign exchange rates, the Company enters into forward contracts to buy and sell foreign currency. By policy, the Company does not enter into these contracts for trading purposes or speculation.

Counterparty default risk is considered low because the forward contracts that the Company enters into are over-the-counter instruments transacted with highly-rated financial institutions. The Company was not required to and did not post collateral as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

The Company’s derivative instruments are recorded at fair value as a derivative asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company reports derivative instruments with the same counterparty on a net basis when a master netting arrangement is in place. Changes in fair value are recognized within ‘Foreign currency gains (losses), net’ in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company classifies cash flows from derivative instruments at settlement in the same category as the cash flows from the related hedged items within ‘Cash provided by operating activities.’


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Results of Derivative Activities

The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities, net, all of which are classified as Level 2 and are reported within either ‘Prepaid expenses and other assets’ or ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, were:
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Derivative Assets
 
Derivative Liabilities
 
Derivative Assets
 
Derivative Liabilities
 
(in thousands)
Forward foreign currency exchange contracts
$
1,581

 
$
(987
)
 
$
1,241

 
$
(1,647
)
Netting of counterparty contracts
(987
)
 
987

 
(1,241
)
 
1,241

  Foreign currency forward contract derivatives
$
594

 
$

 
$

 
$
(406
)

The notional amounts of outstanding foreign currency forward exchange contracts presented below report the total U.S. Dollar equivalent position and the net contract fair values for each foreign currency position.
 
September 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Notional
 
Fair Value
 
Notional
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Singapore Dollar
$
36,985

 
$
(102
)
 
$
73,455

 
$
364

Euro
48,865

 
(90
)
 
37,718

 
(122
)
Japanese Yen
40,510

 
171

 
30,688

 
(89
)
South Korean Won
30,974

 
(29
)
 
15,888

 
(134
)
British Pound Sterling
50,406

 
12

 
13,233

 
80

Other currencies
62,452

 
632

 
53,698

 
(505
)
Total
$
270,192

 
$
594

 
$
224,680

 
$
(406
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Latest maturity date
October 2018
 
January 2018

Amounts reported in ‘Foreign currency gains (losses), net’ in the condensed consolidated statements of operations include both realized and unrealized gains (losses) from foreign currency transactions and derivative contracts, and were:
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)
$
(1,382
)
 
$
(674
)
 
$
(894
)
 
$
1,120

Foreign currency forward exchange contracts gains (losses)
1,615

 
417

 
2,481

 
(939
)
Foreign currency gains (losses), net
$
233

 
$
(257
)
 
$
1,587

 
$
181


6. REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITIES AND BANK BORROWINGS
 
The Company’s borrowings consisted of:
 
September 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
 
(in thousands)
Notes payable
$

 
$
662

Capital lease obligations
26

 
44

Total borrowings and capital lease obligations
26

 
706

Less: Current portion of borrowings and capital lease obligations
11

 
676

Total long-term capital lease obligations
$
15

 
$
30



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Senior Revolving Credit Facility

In December 2011, the Company entered into a revolving credit facility (the “Facility”), pursuant to an Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”), with the lenders named therein and PNC Bank, National Association, as a lender and administrative agent for the lenders. The Credit Agreement contains certain covenants that restrict certain actions by the Company, including limitations on: (i) stock repurchases to an aggregate of $100.0 million per fiscal year, subject to certain restrictions; and (ii) capital expenditures and commitments to $50.0 million per year. The Credit Agreement also permits intercompany loans of up to $375.0 million and requires the Company to meet certain financial covenant ratios that become effective when average outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement, including letters of credit, exceed the lesser of $40.0 million or 40% of the total commitments during certain periods or if the outstanding borrowings exceed the borrowing base. If the financial covenant ratios are in effect, the Company must maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.10 to 1.00, and a maximum leverage ratio of 2.00 to 1.00. As of September 30, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the Credit Agreement.
As of September 30, 2018, the total commitments available from the lenders under the Facility were $100.0 million. At September 30, 2018, the Company had no outstanding borrowings and $0.6 million in outstanding letters of credit under the Facility, which reduces amounts available for borrowing under the Facility. As of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had $99.4 million, respectively, of available borrowing capacity under the Facility. The Facility matures in February 2021.

On November 5, 2018, the Company entered into the Sixteenth Amendment to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement which, among other things: (i) increased the total commitments under the Credit Agreement to $150.0 million from $100.0 million; (ii) increased permitted stock repurchases to $200.0 million from $100.0 million per year; (iii) increased total permitted stock repurchases to $800.0 million from $600.0 million cumulatively; and (iv) added an additional lender under the Credit Agreement.

Asia Revolving Credit Facilities

The Company’s revolving credit facility agreement with HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited, Shanghai Branch (“HSBC”), or the “HSBC Facility,” provides the Company uncommitted dual currency revolving loan facilities of up to 40.0 million Chinese Renminbi (“RMB”), or $5.8 million, with a combined facility limit of RMB 60.0 million, or $8.7 million. The HSBC Facility may be canceled at any time by either party. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no borrowings outstanding and borrowings under the HSBC Facility remained suspended at the discretion of HSBC.
The Company’s one year revolving credit facility agreement with China Merchants Bank Company Limited, Shanghai Branch (the “CMBC Facility”), provides the Company a revolving loan facility of up to 30.0 million RMB, or $4.4 million, subject to consent by the lender. The CMBC Facility matures in January 2019. The CMBC Facility may be canceled or suspended at any time by either party. As of September 30, 2018, there were no borrowings outstanding on this credit facility.

Maturities

The maturities of the Company’s capital lease obligations were:
 
As of
September 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
2018 (remainder of year)
$
2

2019
9

2020
9

2021
6

Total capital lease obligations
26

Less: current portion
11

Non-current portion
$
15



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7. COMMON STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAM  

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company repurchased 0.6 million and 2.4 million shares of its common stock, respectively, at a cost of $11.1 million and $37.0 million, including commissions, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company repurchased 2.1 million and 3.4 million shares of its common stock, respectively, for $17.1 million and $27.1 million, including commissions, respectively. As of September 30, 2018, the Company had remaining authorization to repurchase approximately $181.8 million of its common stock, subject to restrictions under its Credit Agreement.

8. REVENUES

The Company adopted authoritative guidance related to the recognition of revenue from contracts with customers effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. The comparative information presented in the condensed consolidated financial statements was not restated and is reported under the accounting standards in effect for the periods presented. See ‘Revenue Recognition’ in Note 2 — Recent Accounting Pronouncements for a discussion of the significant changes resulting from adoption of the guidance. The adoption of the guidance did not have a significant impact on revenues.

Revenues by reportable operating segment and by channel were:
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
 
Americas
 
Asia Pacific
 
Europe
 
Other Businesses
 
Total
 
 
(in thousands)
Wholesale (1)
 
$
44,883

 
$
40,938

 
$
29,373

 
$
1,525

 
$
116,719

Retail
 
65,247

 
22,942

 
10,345

 

 
98,534

E-commerce
 
26,827

 
11,283

 
7,701

 

 
45,811

Total revenues
 
$
136,957

 
$
75,163

 
$
47,419

 
$
1,525

 
$
261,064

 
 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
 
 
Americas
 
Asia Pacific
 
Europe
 
Other Businesses
 
Total
 
 
(in thousands)
Wholesale (1)
 
$
171,477

 
$
172,152

 
$
130,150

 
$
2,133

 
$
475,912

Retail
 
156,557

 
71,359

 
29,601

 

 
257,517

E-commerce
 
70,515

 
45,134

 
23,138

 

 
138,787

Total revenues
 
$
398,549

 
$
288,645

 
$
182,889

 
$
2,133

 
$
872,216

(1) In the third quarter of 2018, certain revenues previously reported within the ‘Asia Pacific’ segment were shifted to the ‘Europe’ segment.

Revenues are recognized in the amount expected to be received in exchange for goods when control of the products transfers to customers, and excludes various forms of promotions, which range from contractually-fixed percentage price reductions to sales returns, discounts, rebates, and other incentives that may vary in amount and must be estimated. Variable amounts are estimated based on an analysis of historical experience and adjusted as better estimates become available. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized increases of $0.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively, to wholesale revenues due to changes in estimates related to products transferred to customers in prior periods. There were no changes to estimates in retail and e-commerce channels during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The Company elected to exclude from revenues taxes assessed by governmental authorities, including value-added and other sales-related taxes, that are imposed on and concurrent with revenue-producing activities, and, as a result, there is no change in presentation from prior comparative periods.

The following is a description of our principal revenue-generating activities by distribution channel. The Company has three reportable operating segments and sells its products using three primary distribution channels. For more detailed information about reportable operating segments, see ‘Note 13 — Operating Segments and Geographic Information’.




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Wholesale Channel

For the majority of wholesale customers, control transfers and revenues are recognized when the product is shipped or delivered from a manufacturing facility or distribution center to the wholesale customer. In certain cases, control of the product transfers and revenues are recognized when the customer receives the product at the designated delivery point. For certain customers, primarily in the Asia Pacific region, cash payment from customers is required in advance of delivery and revenues are recognized upon the later of cash receipt or delivery of the product. For a small number of customers in the Asia Pacific region, products are sold on consignment and revenues are recognized on a sell-through basis. Wholesale customers are invoiced when products are shipped or delivered.

The Company has arrangements that grant certain wholesale customers exclusive licenses, concurrent with the terms of the related distribution agreements, to use the Company’s intellectual property in exchange for a sales-based royalty. Sales-based royalty revenues are recognized over the terms of the related license agreements as sales are made by the wholesalers.

Retail Channel

The Company transfers control of products and recognizes revenues at retail stores at the point of sale, in exchange for cash or other payment, primarily debit or credit card. A portion of the transaction price charged to our customers is variable, primarily due to promotional discounts or allowances, and terms that permit retail customers to exchange or return products for a full refund within a limited period of time. When recognizing revenues, the amount of revenues associated with expected sales returns is estimated based on historical experience, and adjustments to our estimates are made when the most likely amount of consideration we expect to receive changes.

E-commerce Channel

In the e-commerce channel, the Company transfers control and recognizes revenues when the product is shipped from the distribution centers. Payment from customers is primarily through debit and credit card and is made at the time the customer order is shipped.

Similar to the retail channel, a portion of the amount of revenue is variable, primarily due to sales returns, discounts, and other promotional allowances offered to our customers. When recognizing revenues, the amount of revenues associated with expected sales returns is estimated based on historical experience, and adjustments are made when the most likely amount of consideration changes. Historically, the amount of revenues associated with product returns in the e-commerce channel has been higher than the retail channel.

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities consist of advance cash deposits received from wholesale customers to secure product orders in connection with seasonal selling seasons, and payments received in advance of delivery. As products are shipped and control transfers, the Company recognizes the deferred revenue in ‘Revenues’ in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. At January 1 and September 30, 2018, $1.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of deferred revenues associated with advance customer deposits were reported in ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Deferred revenues of $0.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, were recognized in revenues during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The remainder of deferred revenues at September 30, 2018 are expected to be recognized in revenues during the fourth quarter of 2018 as products are shipped or delivered.

Refund Liabilities

Refund liabilities, primarily associated with product sales returns, retrospective volume rebates, and early payment discounts are estimated based on an analysis of historical experience, and adjustments to revenues made when the most likely amount of consideration expected changes. At January 1 and September 30, 2018, $3.4 million and $7.3 million, respectively, of refund liabilities, primarily associated with product returns, were reported in ‘Accrued expenses and other liabilities’ in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

9. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Company’s share-based compensation awards are issued under the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”) and two predecessor plans, the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, and the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Plan”). Any awards that expire or are forfeited under the 2007 Plan become available for issuance under the 2015 Plan. As of September 30, 2018, 2.4 million

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shares of common stock remained available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan, subject to adjustment for future stock splits, stock dividends, and similar changes in capitalization.
Refer to Notes 1 and 10 of the Company’s Annual Report for a detailed description of the Company’s share-based compensation awards, including information related to grant date fair value, vesting terms, performance, and other conditions.

Share-Based Compensation Expense

Pre-tax share-based compensation expense reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations was:
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
Cost of sales
$
91

 
$
93

 
$
268

 
$
293

Selling, general and administrative expenses
3,214

 
2,813

 
9,052

 
6,558

Total share-based compensation expense
$
3,305

 
$
2,906

 
$
9,320

 
$
6,851


Stock Option Activity

Stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was:
 
Number of Options
 
(in thousands)

Outstanding December 31, 2017
541

Granted

Exercised
(123
)
Forfeited or expired
(27
)
Outstanding September 30, 2018
391


As of September 30, 2018, the Company had $0.3 million of total unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to unvested options, which is expected to be amortized over the remaining weighted average period of 1.65 years.

Restricted Stock Awards and Restricted Stock Units Activity

The Company grants time-based restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) as well as time-based and performance-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”). RSA and RSU activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was:
 
Restricted Stock Awards
 
Restricted Stock Units
 
Shares
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
 
Shares
 
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
 
(in thousands, except fair value data)
Unvested at December 31, 2017
17

 
$
6.84

 
3,791

 
$
7.99

Granted
35

 
18.61

 
1,387

 
14.27

Vested
(42
)
 
13.73

 
(1,086
)
 
8.54

Forfeited

 

 
(1,285
)
 
7.61

Unvested at September 30, 2018
10

 
$
18.61

 
2,807

 
$
11.19


As of September 30, 2018, unrecognized share-based compensation expense for RSAs was $0.2 million, which is expected to amortize over a remaining weighted average period of 0.68 years.

RSUs vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 consisted of 0.8 million time-based awards and 0.3 million performance-based awards. As of September 30, 2018, unrecognized share-based compensation expenses for time-based and

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performance-based awards were $9.1 million and $7.6 million, respectively, and are expected to amortize over remaining weighted average period of 1.52 years and 2.43 years, respectively.

10. INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense and effective tax rates were:
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands, except effective tax rate)
Income before income taxes
$
14,584

 
$
2,584

 
$
79,173

 
$
48,118

Income tax expense
4,092

 
955

 
17,850

 
13,519

Effective tax rate
28.1
%
 
37.0
%
 
22.5
%
 
28.1
%

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the decrease in the effective tax rate, compared to the same period in 2017, is due to the release of valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, partially offset by operating losses in certain jurisdictions where the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits, tax expense recorded in profitable jurisdictions, and the impact of the GILTI provisions included in the Tax Act. The Company evaluates the need for valuation allowances by analyzing all available positive and negative evidence. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits in certain jurisdictions and the valuation allowances in these jurisdictions have been released. In other jurisdictions, the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits and has maintained or recorded valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets in these jurisdictions. The Company has elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore has included GILTI expense in the effective tax rate calculation. The Company’s effective income tax rate, for each period presented, also differs from the federal U.S. statutory rate due to the release of valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and differences in income tax rates between U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. The Company had unrecognized tax benefits of $4.6 million and $6.2 million at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and the Company does not expect any significant changes in tax benefits in the next twelve months.

The Company’s tax rate fluctuates and may increase or decrease with changes in, among other things, the amount of income or loss by jurisdiction, the Company’s ability to utilize net operating losses and foreign tax credits, changes in tax laws, and the movement of liabilities established pursuant to accounting guidance for uncertain tax positions as statutes of limitations expire, positions are effectively settled, or when additional information becomes available. There are proposed or pending tax law changes in various jurisdictions and other changes to regulatory environments in countries in which we do business that, if enacted, may have an impact on the Company’s effective tax rate.
Additionally, the Company continues to evaluate the impacts of the Tax Act. As the Company further understands its implications, as well as the related, and yet to be issued, regulations and interpretations, the Company’s effective tax rate could be impacted. The Company is still evaluating the GILTI provisions of the Tax Act and the related implications and has concluded that the Company will record as a periodic expense as incurred, and, therefore, has not recorded deferred taxes for GILTI. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company made adjustments to the amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017, as a result of the Tax Act related to U.S. income taxes on accumulated foreign subsidiary earnings not previously subject to U.S. income tax. As of December 31, 2017, the Company recorded provisional amounts based on estimates of the effects of the Tax Act as the analysis requires significant data from its foreign subsidiaries that is not regularly collected or analyzed. The U.S. federal transition tax liability, net of newly generated income tax credits, was an obligation of $17.1 million. Upon gathering additional information, the Company determined this liability to be $19.5 million. The Company has existing foreign tax credits and other attributes which fully offset this transition tax obligation. However, the Company continues to consider these amounts provisional for the reasons discussed above. Additional impacts from the Tax Act will be recorded as they are identified during the measurement period pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"). The Company’s determination of the tax effects of the Tax Act will be completed no later than one year from the enactment date as permitted under SAB 118. Any further adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period will be finalized as part of our fourth quarter income tax procedures and recorded as part of the December 31, 2018 provision.

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11. EARNINGS PER SHARE
 
Basic and diluted earnings per common share (“EPS”) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were:
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands, except per share data)
Numerator:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
6,520

 
$
(2,263
)
 
$
49,469

 
$
22,978

Less: Net income allocable to Series A Preferred stockholders (1)
(1,114
)
 

 
(8,319
)
 
(3,642
)
Remaining net income (loss) available to common stockholders - basic and diluted
$
5,406

 
$
(2,263
)
 
$
41,150

 
$
19,336

Denominator:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic
67,821

 
71,895

 
68,223

 
73,212

Plus: dilutive effect of stock options and unvested restricted stock units
4,953

 

 
2,881

 
948

Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted
72,774

 
71,895

 
71,104

 
74,160

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss) per common share:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.08

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.60

 
$
0.26

Diluted
$
0.07

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.58

 
$
0.26

(1) Represents the amount which would have been paid to preferred stockholders in the event the Company had declared a dividend on its common stock.

An insignificant number of options and RSUs were antidilutive for the three month period ended September 30, 2018. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, 0.1 million and 0.7 million options and RSUs, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS under the two-class method because the effect was anti-dilutive. If converted, the Series A Preferred Stock would represent approximately 17.0% of the Company’s common stock outstanding, or 13.8 million additional common shares, as of September 30, 2018.

12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 
Rental Commitments and Contingencies

The Company rents retail store, office and warehouse space, vehicles, and equipment under operating leases expiring at various dates through 2033. Rent expense for leases with escalations or rent holidays is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term beginning on the lease inception date. Certain leases also provide for contingent rents, which are generally determined as a percent of sales in excess of specified levels. A contingent rent liability is recognized together with the corresponding rent expense when specified levels have been achieved or when the Company determines that achieving the specified levels during the period is probable.


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Future minimum lease payments under operating leases were:
 
As of
September 30, 2018
 
(in thousands)
2018 (remainder of year)
$
12,215

2019
38,847

2020
31,305

2021
25,130

2022
17,203

Thereafter
50,039

     Total minimum lease payments
$
174,739


Minimum sublease rental income of $0.1 million under non-cancelable subleases, and contingent rentals are excluded from the commitment schedule.

Rent expense under operating leases was: 
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
Minimum rentals (1)
$
15,107

 
$
19,505

 
$
50,951

 
$
60,693

Contingent rentals
4,175

 
4,264

 
11,870

 
12,086

Less: Sublease rentals
(37
)
 
(55
)
 
(110
)
 
(144
)
Total rent expense
$
19,245

 
$
23,714

 
$
62,711

 
$
72,635

(1) Minimum rentals include all lease payments as well as fixed and variable common area maintenance, parking, and storage fees, which were approximately $2.3 million and $2.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $7.1 million and $7.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Purchase Commitments

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had purchase commitments to third-party manufacturers, primarily for materials and supplies used in the manufacture of the Company’s products, for an aggregate of $158.5 million.

Other

The Company is regularly subject to, and is currently undergoing, audits by various tax authorities in the United States and several foreign jurisdictions, including customs duties, import, and other taxes for prior tax years.

During its normal course of business, the Company may make certain indemnities, commitments, and guarantees under which it may be required to make payments. The Company cannot determine a range of estimated future payments and has not recorded any liability for indemnities, commitments, and guarantees in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

See Note 14 — Legal Proceedings for further details regarding potential loss contingencies related to government tax audits and other current legal proceedings.


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13. OPERATING SEGMENTS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The Company has three reportable operating segments based on the geographic nature of its operations: Americas, Asia Pacific, and Europe. In addition, the ‘Other businesses’ category aggregates insignificant operating segments that do not meet the reportable segment threshold, including company-operated manufacturing operations and corporate operations.

Each of the reportable operating segments derives its revenues from the sale of footwear and accessories to external customers. Revenues for ‘Other businesses’ include non-footwear product sales to external customers that are excluded from the measurement of segment operating revenues and income.

Segment performance is evaluated based on segment results without allocating corporate expenses, or indirect general, administrative, and other expenses. Segment profits or losses include adjustments to eliminate inter-segment sales. Reconciling items between segment income from operations and income from operations consist of other businesses and unallocated corporate and other expenses, as well as inter-segment eliminations. The following tables set forth information related to reportable operating segments:
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands)
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Americas
$
136,957

 
$
120,459

 
$
398,549

 
$
374,336

Asia Pacific (1)
75,163

 
75,320

 
288,645

 
278,656

Europe (1)
47,419

 
47,240

 
182,889

 
170,864

Total segment revenues
259,539

 
243,019

 
870,083

 
823,856

Other businesses
1,525

 
254

 
2,133

 
545

Total consolidated revenues
$
261,064

 
$
243,273

 
$
872,216

 
$
824,401

Income from operations: (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Americas
$
42,586

 
$
24,398

 
$
110,814

 
$
81,132

Asia Pacific (1)
16,861

 
14,115

 
74,640

 
70,880

Europe (1)
12,064

 
4,870

 
53,819

 
35,182

Total segment income from operations
71,511

 
43,383

 
239,273

 
187,194

Reconciliation of total segment income from operations to income before income taxes:
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
Other businesses (3)
(14,092
)
 
(6,233
)
 
(41,557
)
 
(16,883
)
Unallocated corporate and other (2)
(43,524
)
 
(34,465
)
 
(120,835
)
 
(122,598
)
Income from operations
13,895

 
2,685

 
76,881

 
47,713

Foreign currency gains, net
233

 
(257
)
 
1,587

 
181

Interest income
422

 
269

 
847

 
576

Interest expense
(126
)
 
(167
)
 
(371
)
 
(539
)
Other income
160

 
54

 
229

 
187

Income before income taxes
$
14,584

 
$
2,584

 
$
79,173

 
$
48,118

Depreciation and amortization:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Americas
$
1,098

 
$
1,383

 
$
3,613

 
$
4,075

Asia Pacific
422

 
863

 
1,655

 
2,710

Europe
301

 
374

 
980

 
1,138

Total segment depreciation and amortization
1,821

 
2,620

 
6,248

 
7,923

Other businesses
1,213

 
1,618

 
4,168

 
5,106

Unallocated corporate and other
3,627

 
3,648

 
11,119

 
11,672

Total consolidated depreciation and amortization
$
6,661

 
$
7,886

 
$
21,535

 
$
24,701

(1) In the third quarter of 2018, certain revenues and expenses previously reported within the ‘Asia Pacific’ segment were shifted to the ‘Europe’ segment.The previously reported amounts for revenues and income from operations for the three and nine months ended September 30,

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2017 have also been revised to conform to the current period presentation. See ‘Impacts of segment composition change’ table below for more information.
(2) In 2018, certain global marketing expenses previously reported within the operating segments are managed and reported within ‘Unallocated corporate and other’. The previously reported amounts for income from operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 have been revised to conform to the current year presentation. See ‘Impacts of global marketing expense realignment’ table below for more information.
(3) ‘Other businesses’ expense increases are due primarily to costs incurred in conjunction with the closure of Mexico and Italy manufacturing and distribution facilities, which were substantially completed in the third quarter of 2018, other expenses as a result of outsourcing, and other supply chain cost changes.

Impacts of segment composition change:
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
Increase (Decrease)
 
 
 (in thousands)
Impacts on revenues:
 
 
 
 
Asia Pacific
 
$
(4,719
)
 
$
(24,372
)
Europe
 
4,719

 
24,372

Impacts on income from operations:
 
 
 
 
Asia Pacific
 
527

 
(6,203
)
Europe
 
(527
)
 
6,203


Impacts of global marketing expense realignment:
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
Increase (Decrease)
 
 
 (in thousands)
Impacts on income from operations:
 
 
 
 
Americas
 
$
297

 
$
9,823

Asia Pacific
 
323

 
3,789

Europe
 
(19
)
 
1,258

Unallocated corporate and other
 
(601
)
 
(14,870
)

14. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company was subjected to an audit by the Brazilian Federal Tax Authorities related to imports of footwear from China between 2010 and 2014. On January 13, 2015, the Company was notified about the issuance of assessments totaling 14.4 million Brazilian Real (“BRL”), or approximately $3.6 million, plus interest and penalties, for the period January 2010 through May 2011. The Company has disputed these assessments and asserted defenses to the claims. On February 25, 2015, the Company received additional assessments totaling 33.3 million BRL, or approximately $8.2 million, plus interest and penalties, related to the remainder of the audit period. The Company has also disputed these assessments and asserted defenses to these claims in administrative appeals. On August 29, 2017, the Company received a favorable ruling on its appeal of the first assessment, which dismissed all fines, penalties, and interest. The tax authorities have requested a special appeal to that decision. If the appeal is accepted, Crocs will have the opportunity to both defend the appeal as well as challenge it procedurally. Should the Brazilian Tax Authority prevail in this final administrative appeal, Crocs may still challenge the assessments through the court system, which would likely require the posting of a bond. Additionally, the second appeal for the remaining assessments was heard on March 22, 2018. That decision was partially favorable and resulted in an approximately 38% reduction in principal, penalties, and interest, leaving approximately $5.1 million, plus interest and penalties, at risk for those assessments. The tax authorities have appealed that decision. Crocs intends to file a response to the tax authorities’ appeal as well as a separate appeal against the unfavorable portion of the ruling. We have not recorded these items within the condensed consolidated financial statements as it is not possible at this time to predict the timing or outcome of this matter or to estimate a potential amount of loss, if any.

For all other claims and disputes, where the Company is able to estimate reasonably possible losses or a range of reasonably possible losses, the Company estimates that as of September 30, 2018, reasonably possible losses associated with these claims and other disputes are immaterial.

Although the Company is subject to other litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business, including employment, intellectual property and product liability claims, the Company is not party to any other pending legal proceedings that it believes would reasonably have a material adverse impact on its business, financial results, and cash flows.

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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
Business Overview

Crocs, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively the “Company,” “Crocs,” “we,” “our,” or “us”) are engaged in the design, development, worldwide marketing, distribution, and sale of casual lifestyle footwear and accessories for men, women, and children. We strive to be the global leader in the sale of molded footwear characterized by functionality, comfort, color, and lightweight design. All of our products utilize our proprietary closed-cell resin, called CrosliteTM, along with a range of other materials, enabling us to produce innovative, lightweight footwear.

Known or Anticipated Trends

Based on our recent operating results and current perspectives on our operating environment, we anticipate certain trends will impact our operating results:

Consumer spending preferences continue to shift toward e-commerce and away from brick and mortar stores. This has resulted in continued sales growth in our e-commerce channel, as well as on various e-tail sites operated by wholesalers.
As we close less productive stores as leases expire and transfer select company-operated stores to distributors, we are experiencing a reduction in retail revenues and a benefit to selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”). Distributor revenues are reported within our wholesale channel.
Foreign exchange rate volatility impacts our reported U.S. Dollar results from our foreign operations.
In 2017 we identified annual reductions in SG&A in the amount of $75 to $85 million which, once implemented, are projected to generate an annual $30 to $35 million improvement in earnings before interest and taxes by 2019, compared to 2016. We achieved approximately $23 million of these SG&A reductions in 2017 while incurring approximately $10 million of expenses related to variable compensation. We remain on track to achieve the targeted SG&A reductions by 2019. We incurred $11 million in non-recurring charges to achieve these SG&A reductions in 2017 and expect to incur approximately $6 million in additional non-recurring charges related to SG&A reductions in 2018. We reduced our company-operated retail stores by 111 in 2017 and we completed 62 store closures and transfers in the first nine months of 2018, which brought our total store count to 389 from 558 over a two year period. The majority of company-operated store closures are occurring as store leases expire.
We are prioritizing growth in our lower-priced, higher-margin molded footwear styles, primarily in clog and sandal silhouettes, as we drive global alignment of our product portfolio and focus on sustainable, profitable revenue growth.
In connection with ongoing efforts to simplify the business and improve profitability, we decided to fully outsource our production to third-party manufacturers and to close our manufacturing facilities in Mexico and Italy. The manufacturing facilities in Mexico and Italy and the distribution facility in Mexico were closed in the third quarter of 2018. We have incurred total charges of $13.0 million before taxes in the first nine months of 2018 related to the closures, approximately $6 million of which were non-cash. We do not expect to incur any significant additional expenses related to the Mexico and Italy closures through the remainder of 2018.

 Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
 
In addition to financial measures presented on the basis of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), we present certain information related to our current period results of operations through “constant currency,” which is a non-GAAP financial measure and should be viewed as a supplement to our results of operations and presentation of reportable operating segments under U.S. GAAP. Constant currency represents current period results that have been retranslated using prior year average foreign exchange rates for the comparative period to enhance the visibility of the underlying business trends excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.
 
Management uses constant currency to assist in comparing business trends from period to period on a consistent basis in communications with the Board of Directors (the “Board”), stockholders, analysts, and investors concerning our financial performance. We believe constant currency is useful to investors and other users of our condensed consolidated financial statements as an additional tool to evaluate operating performance. We believe it also provides a useful baseline for analyzing trends in our operations. Investors should not consider constant currency in isolation from, or as a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.


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Third Quarter 2018 Financial Highlights

The following were significant developments in our businesses during the three months ended September 30, 2018:

Revenues were $261.1 million, growing 7.3% over the third quarter of 2017, or 9.3% on a constant currency basis. Our wholesale revenues grew 9.3% and our e-commerce revenues grew 23.2%, which more than offset the 0.8% decline in our retail revenues resulting from the store closures discussed below.
We sold 13.3 million pairs of shoes worldwide, an increase of 2.0% from 13.1 million pairs in the three months ended September 30, 2017.
Gross margin was 53.3%, an increase of 250 basis points from last year’s third quarter.
SG&A was $125.2 million compared to $120.8 million in the third quarter of 2017. As a percent of revenues, SG&A improved 170 basis points to 47.9% of revenues. Third quarter 2018 results included $1.3 million of non-recurring charges associated with our SG&A reduction plan compared to $3.6 million in last year’s third quarter and $5.0 million of non-recurring charges associated with the closure of company-operated manufacturing and distribution facilities.
Income from operations of $13.9 million increased 417.5% compared to $2.7 million in last year’s third quarter. Net income attributable to common stockholders was $6.5 million, or $0.07 per diluted share, compared to a net loss of $2.3 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, in last year’s third quarter. We had 72.8 million and 71.9 million weighted average diluted common shares outstanding on September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
We continued to focus on improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our operations, including carefully managing and reducing our retail store fleet, especially full-priced retail stores. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we opened three and closed 12 company-operated retail stores, to end the quarter with 389 stores.
We repurchased 0.6 million shares of common stock at an aggregate cost of $11.1 million.

Future Outlook
 
We intend to continue advancing our strategic objectives, focusing on three key initiatives to:

(1) drive sustainable, profitable revenue growth;
(2) improve the quality of revenues to enhance gross margins, and;
(3) simplify our business to reduce costs.
 
We are focusing on our core molded footwear heritage by narrowing our product line to emphasize higher-margin units, as well as developing innovative new casual lifestyle footwear platforms. By streamlining our product portfolio to focus on the most successful designs, driving global alignment of our product offerings, and investing in marketing, we believe we are creating a more powerful consumer connection to the brand.

We are refining our business model around the world, prioritizing direct investment in larger-scale geographies to focus our resources on the demographics with the largest growth prospects, and transferring significant commercial responsibilities to distributors. Further, we are expanding our engagement with leading wholesale accounts in select markets to drive sales growth, optimize product placement, and enhance brand reputation.

We are on track to complete our SG&A reduction plan this year, which will enable us to reduce our annualized SG&A budget by $75 to $85 million compared to 2016. As of September 30, 2018, we have exceeded our 160 company-operated retail store closure target and reduced our store count by 169 stores since the end of 2016.

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Results of Operations
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
% Change
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
Q3 2018-2017
 
YTD 2018-2017
 
(in thousands, except per share, margin, and average selling price data)
Revenues
$
261,064

 
$
243,273

 
$
872,216

 
$
824,401

 
7.3
 %
 
5.8
 %
Cost of sales
122,005

 
119,810

 
411,884

 
397,547

 
(1.8
)%
 
(3.6
)%
Gross profit
139,059

 
123,463

 
460,332

 
426,854

 
12.6
 %
 
7.8
 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses
125,164

 
120,778

 
383,451

 
379,141

 
(3.6
)%
 
(1.1
)%
Income from operations
13,895

 
2,685

 
76,881

 
47,713

 
417.5
 %
 
61.1
 %
Foreign currency gains (losses), net
233

 
(257
)
 
1,587

 
181

 
190.7
 %
 
776.8
 %
Interest income
422

 
269

 
847

 
576

 
56.9
 %
 
47.0
 %
Interest expense
(126
)
 
(167
)
 
(371
)
 
(539
)
 
24.6
 %
 
31.2
 %
Other income
160

 
54

 
229

 
187

 
196.3
 %
 
22.5
 %
Income before income taxes
14,584

 
2,584

 
79,173

 
48,118

 
464.4
 %
 
64.5
 %
Income tax expense
4,092

 
955

 
17,850

 
13,519

 
(328.5
)%
 
(32.0
)%
Net income
10,492

 
1,629

 
61,323

 
34,599

 
544.1
 %
 
77.2
 %
Dividends on Series A convertible preferred stock
(3,000
)
 
(3,000
)
 
(9,000
)
 
(9,000
)
 
 %
 
 %
Dividend equivalents on Series A convertible preferred shares related to redemption value accretion and beneficial conversion feature
(972
)
 
(892
)
 
(2,854
)
 
(2,621
)
 
(9.0
)%
 
(8.9
)%
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders
$
6,520

 
$
(2,263
)
 
$
49,469

 
$
22,978

 
388.1
 %
 
115.3
 %
Net income (loss) per common share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Basic
$
0.08

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.60

 
$
0.26

 
366.7
 %
 
130.8
 %
Diluted
$
0.07

 
$
(0.03
)
 
$
0.58

 
$
0.26

 
333.3
 %
 
123.1
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross margin (1)
53.3
%
 
50.8
%
 
52.8
%
 
51.8
%
 
250
bp
 
100
bp
Operating margin (1)
5.3
%
 
1.1
%
 
8.8
%
 
5.8
%
 
420
bp
 
300
bp
Footwear unit sales
13,309

 
13,050

 
48,188

 
46,868

 
2.0
 %
 
2.8
 %
Average footwear selling price - nominal basis
$
18.90

 
$
18.17

 
$
17.66

 
$
17.26

 
4.0
 %
 
2.3
 %
Average footwear selling price - constant currency basis (2)
$
19.25

 
$
18.17

 
$
17.71

 
$
17.26

 
5.9
 %
 
2.6
 %
(1) Changes for gross margin and operating margin are shown in basis points (“bp”).
(2) Reflects year over year change as if the current period results were in constant currency, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. Constant currency represents current period results that have been retranslated using exchange rates in effect in the prior comparative period.

Revenues. Revenues increased $17.8 million, or 7.3%, during the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Growth in our wholesale and e-commerce channels more than offset a decline in our retail channel resulting from our targeted reduction in the number of company-operated retail stores. Our wholesale channel grew by 9.3%, with especially strong performance in Asia Pacific and the Americas during the third quarter. Our e-commerce channel grew by 23.2% due to increased traffic, higher units per transaction, and a higher average selling price (“ASP”) as consumers continued to migrate to online shopping channels, and the Company continued to invest in digital marketing. Our retail channel decreased by 0.8% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to the same period of 2017, as we operated 85 fewer retail stores compared to September 30, 2017. Higher ASP increased revenues by approximately $17.7 million, or 7.2%. Higher unit sales volume increased revenues by $4.8 million, or 2.0%. A decrease of $4.7 million, or 1.9%, resulted from unfavorable foreign currency translation.


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Revenues increased $47.8 million, or 5.8%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. The increase in revenues was led by 23.7% growth in our e-commerce channel and 7.4% growth in our wholesale channel. These increases more than offset a reduction in our retail channel of 4.3%, resulting from our targeted reduction in the number of company-operated retail stores, partially offset by increased units per transactions in our remaining company-operated retail stores. Higher unit sales volume resulted in an increase in revenues of approximately $23.2 million, or 2.8%, and an increase of $7.7 million, or 1.0%, was attributable to a higher ASP as our product, store, and channel mix continued to change due to store closures and business model changes as we implement our strategic plan. An increase of $16.9 million, or 2.0%, resulted from favorable foreign currency translation.

Future changes in ASP will be impacted by: (i) the mix of products sold, (ii) the sales channel under which sales are made (as we generally realize higher sales prices from our retail and e-commerce channels compared to our wholesale channel), (iii) the level of sales discounts and incentives we offer our customers, and (iv) the impact of foreign currency translation.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales increased $2.2 million, or 1.8%, during the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Higher unit sales volume resulted in an increase in cost of sales of $2.4 million, or 2.0%, and foreign currency translation resulted in a decrease of $2.2 million, or 1.8%. Changes in product mix contributed to a higher average cost per unit, accounting for a $2.0 million, or 1.6%, increase in cost of sales.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, cost of sales increased $14.3 million, or 3.6%, compared to the same period in 2017. Higher unit sales volume resulted in an increase of $11.2 million, or 2.8%, in cost of sales, partially offset by a decrease of $4.8 million, or 1.2%, due to a lower average cost per unit. Lower average cost per unit were primarily the result of product mix, reflecting our ongoing focus on core molded products, which cost less to produce, and continued supply chain cost reductions. The effect of foreign currency translation was an increase of $7.9 million, or 2.0%, in cost of sales.

Gross Profit. Gross profit increased $15.6 million, or 12.6%, during the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. Gross margin improved 250 basis points to 53.3% compared to the same period in 2017, driven by favorable product mix. An increase of $15.7 million, or 12.7%, resulted from increases in ASP. An increase of approximately $2.4 million, or 1.9%, resulted from higher unit sales volume and a decrease of $2.5 million, or 2.0%, resulted from foreign currency translation.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, gross profit increased $33.5 million, or 7.8%, and gross margin increased 100 basis points to 52.8% compared to the same period in 2017, driven by favorable product mix and the favorable impact of currency on inventory costs in our overseas markets. Higher unit sales volume drove an increase of approximately $12.1 million, or 2.8%, an increase of $12.5 million, or 2.9%, resulted from a higher ASP, and an increase of $8.9 million, or 2.1%, resulted from foreign currency translation.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. SG&A increased $4.4 million, or 3.6%, during the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The increase was primarily due to higher variable compensation of $7.0 million associated with higher revenues, increased marketing expense of $4.6 million, and non-recurring expenses of $6.3 million compared to $3.6 million for the same period in 2017, partially offset by lower professional service fees of $3.4 million, facilities expense of $2.2 million, and other net expenses of $4.3 million, none of which were individually significant. As a percent of sales, SG&A improved by 170 basis points to 47.9%, a reflection of our SG&A reduction efforts.

SG&A increased $4.3 million, or 1.1%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. As a percent of sales, SG&A improved by 200 basis points to 44.0%. The increase was primarily due to non-recurring expenses of $17.2 million compared to $7.6 million for the same period in 2017, higher variable compensation of $6.7 million associated with higher revenues, and higher marketing expense of $5.8 million, partially offset by decreases of $8.3 million in professional service fees, $6.5 million in facilities expense as a result of fewer company-owned retail stores, and other net expenses of $3.0 million.

Foreign currency gains (losses), net. Foreign currency gains (losses), net, consists of realized and unrealized foreign currency gains and losses from the remeasurement and settlement of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in non-functional currencies as well as realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency derivative instruments. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized realized and unrealized net foreign currency gains of $0.2 million compared to losses of $0.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized realized and unrealized foreign currency net gains of $1.6 million, compared to $0.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Income tax expense. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense increased $3.1 million compared to the same period in 2017. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was 28.1% compared to an effective tax rate of 37.0% for the same period in 2017, an 8.9% decrease. The decrease in the effective rate was due to the release

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of valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, partially offset by operating losses in certain jurisdictions where the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits, tax expense recorded in profitable jurisdictions, and the impact of the Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions included in the U.S. Tax Cuts and Job Act (“Tax Act”). The Company evaluates the need for valuation allowances by analyzing all available positive and negative evidence. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits in certain jurisdictions and the valuation allowances in these jurisdictions have been released. In other jurisdictions, the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits and has maintained or recorded valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets in these jurisdictions. The Company has elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore has included GILTI expense in the effective tax rate calculation. Our effective tax rate of 28.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 differs from the federal U.S. statutory rate due to the release of valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions and differences in income tax rates between U.S. and foreign jurisdictions.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, income tax expense increased $4.3 million compared to the same period in 2017. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was 22.5% compared to an effective tax rate of 28.1% for the same period in 2017, a 5.6% decrease. This decrease in the effective rate was due to the release of valuation allowances in certain jurisdictions, partially offset by operating losses in certain jurisdictions where the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits, tax expense recorded in profitable jurisdictions, and the impact of the GILTI provisions included in the Tax Act. The Company evaluates the need for valuation allowances by analyzing all available positive and negative evidence. The Company has determined that it is more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits in certain jurisdictions and the valuation allowances in these jurisdictions have been released. In other jurisdictions, the Company has determined that it is not more likely than not to realize the associated tax benefits and has maintained or recorded valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets in these jurisdictions.The Company has elected to account for GILTI as a period cost, and therefore has included GILTI expense in the effective tax rate calculation. Our effective tax rate of 22.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 differs from the federal U.S. statutory rate due to differences in income tax rates between U.S. and foreign jurisdictions as well as book losses in certain jurisdictions for which tax benefits cannot be recognized.

The Company’s tax rate fluctuates and may increase or decrease with changes in, among other things, the amount of income or loss by jurisdiction, the Company’s ability to utilize net operating losses and foreign tax credits, changes in tax laws, and the movement of liabilities established pursuant to accounting guidance for uncertain tax positions as statutes of limitations expire, positions are effectively settled, or when additional information becomes available. There are proposed or pending tax law changes in various jurisdictions and other changes to regulatory environments in countries in which we do business that, if enacted, may have an impact on the Company’s effective tax rate.
Additionally, the Company continues to evaluate the impacts of the Tax Act. As the Company further understands its implications, as well as the related, and yet to be issued, regulations and interpretations, the Company’s effective tax rate could be impacted. The Company is still evaluating the GILTI provisions of the Tax Act and the related implications and has concluded that the Company will record as a periodic expense as incurred, and, therefore has not recorded deferred taxes for GILTI. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company made adjustments to the amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017, as a result of the Tax Act related to U.S. income taxes on accumulated foreign subsidiary earnings not previously subject to U.S. income tax. As of December 31, 2017, the Company recorded provisional amounts based on estimates of the effects of the Tax Act as the analysis requires significant data from its foreign subsidiaries that is not regularly collected or analyzed. The U.S. federal transition tax liability, net of newly generated income tax credits, was an obligation of $17.1 million. Upon gathering additional information, the Company determined this liability to be $19.5 million. The Company has existing foreign tax credits and other attributes which fully offset this transition tax obligation. However, the Company continues to consider these amounts provisional for the reasons discussed above. Additional impacts from the Tax Act will be recorded as they are identified during the measurement period pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"). The Company’s determination of the tax effects of the Tax Act will be completed no later than one year from the enactment date as permitted under SAB 118. Any further adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period will be recorded and be finalized as part of our fourth quarter income tax procedures and recorded as part of the December 31, 2018 provision.



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Revenues By Channel
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
% Change
 
Constant Currency
% Change 
(1)
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
Q3 2018-2017
 
YTD 2018-2017
 
Q3 2018-2017
 
YTD 2018-2017
 
 
(in thousands)
Wholesale:
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 

Americas
 
44,883

 
$
41,642

 
$
171,477

 
$
169,975

 
7.8
 %
 
0.9
 %
 
12.2
 %
 
2.2
 %
Asia Pacific (2)
 
40,938

 
36,286

 
172,152

 
155,541

 
12.8
 %
 
10.7
 %
 
16.1
 %
 
7.6
 %
Europe (2)
 
29,373

 
28,576

 
130,150

 
116,932

 
2.8
 %
 
11.3
 %
 
5.5
 %
 
3.8
 %
Other businesses
 
1,525

 
254

 
2,133

 
545

 
500.4
 %
 
291.4
 %
 
515.0
 %
 
288.3
 %
Total wholesale
 
116,719

 
106,758

 
475,912

 
442,993

 
9.3
 %
 
7.4
 %
 
12.9
 %
 
4.9
 %
Retail:
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Americas
 
65,247

 
57,404

 
156,557

 
145,809

 
13.7
 %
 
7.4
 %
 
13.9
 %
 
7.4
 %
Asia Pacific (2)
 
22,942

 
29,497

 
71,359

 
87,631

 
(22.2
)%
 
(18.6
)%
 
(22.1
)%
 
(21.0
)%
Europe (2)
 
10,345

 
12,434

 
29,601

 
35,751

 
(16.8
)%
 
(17.2
)%
 
(13.3
)%
 
(18.5
)%
Total retail
 
98,534

 
99,335

 
257,517

 
269,191

 
(0.8
)%
 
(4.3
)%
 
(0.2
)%
 
(5.3
)%
E-commerce:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Americas
 
26,827

 
21,413

 
70,515

 
58,552

 
25.3
 %
 
20.4
 %
 
25.7
 %
 
20.3
 %
Asia Pacific
 
11,283

 
9,537

 
45,134

 
35,483

 
18.3
 %
 
27.2
 %
 
19.6
 %
 
22.2
 %
Europe
 
7,701

 
6,230

 
23,138

 
18,182

 
23.6
 %
 
27.3
 %
 
25.4
 %
 
20.8
 %
Total e-commerce
 
45,811

 
37,180

 
138,787

 
112,217

 
23.2
 %
 
23.7
 %
 
24.1
 %
 
21.0
 %
Total revenues
 
$
261,064

 
$
243,273

 
$
872,216

 
$
824,401

 
7.3
 %
 
5.8
 %
 
9.3
 %
 
3.8
 %
(1) Reflects year over year change as if the current period results were in constant currency, which is a non-GAAP financial measure. Constant currency represents current period results that have been retranslated using exchange rates in effect in the prior comparative period.
(2) In the third quarter of 2018, certain revenues previously reported within the ‘Asia Pacific’ segment were shifted to the ‘Europe’ segment. The previously reported amounts for wholesale and retail revenues in these regions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 have been revised to conform to the current year presentation. See ‘Impacts on revenue of segment composition change’ table below for more information.

Impacts on revenue of segment composition change:
 
 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
 
 
Increase (Decrease)
 
 
(in thousands)
Wholesale:
 
 
 
 
Asia Pacific
 
$
(4,719
)
 
$
(21,545
)
Europe
 
4,719

 
21,545

Retail:
 
 
 
 
Asia Pacific
 

 
(2,827
)
Europe
 

 
2,827


Wholesale channel revenues. Revenues from our wholesale channel increased $10.0 million, or 9.3%, during the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. An increase of $7.0 million, or 6.5%, was driven by a higher ASP. An increase of approximately $6.8 million, or 6.4%, resulted from higher unit sales volume due to increased customer demand with distributors and e-tail customers as consumers shift towards online purchasing. Foreign currency translation drove a decrease of $3.8 million, or 3.6%.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from our wholesale channel increased $32.9 million, or 7.4%, compared to the same period in 2017. Higher unit sales volume of approximately $22.7 million, or 5.1%, were partially offset by a lower ASP of $1.0 million, or