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RBC Capital Markets®
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Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2)
Registration Statement No. 333-227001
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Pricing Supplement
Dated October 11, 2018
To the Product Prospectus Supplement ERN-EI-1, Prospectus Supplement, and Prospectus Each Dated September 7, 2018
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$16,178,000
Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
Linked to the S&P 500® Index,
Due October 13, 2023
Royal Bank of Canada
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Royal Bank of Canada is offering the Buffered Enhanced Return Notes (the “Notes”) linked to the performance of the S&P 500® Index
(the “Reference Asset”).
The CUSIP number for the Notes is 78013XN95. The Notes do not pay interest. The Notes provide a 120.00% leveraged positive return if the level of
the Reference Asset increases from the Initial Level to the Final Level, subject to the Maximum Redemption Amount of 154.00% of the principal amount of the Notes. If the Final Level is less than the Initial Level by no more than 40%, investors
will receive the principal amount. Investors will lose 1% of the principal amount of the Notes for each 1% decrease from the Initial Level to the Final Level of more than 40%. Any payments on the Notes are subject to our credit risk.
Issue Date: October 15, 2018
Maturity Date: October 13, 2023
The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.
Investing in the Notes involves a number of risks. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-1 of the prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018,
“Additional Risk Factors Specific to the Notes” beginning on page PS-4 of the product prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018, and “Selected Risk Considerations” beginning on page P-6 of this pricing supplement.
The Notes will not constitute deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any
other Canadian or U.S. government agency or instrumentality. The Notes are not subject to conversion into our common shares under subsection 39.2(2.3) of the Canada Deposit Insurance
Corporation Act.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined
that this pricing supplement is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
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Per Note
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Total
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Price to public
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100.00%
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$16,178,000.00
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Underwriting discounts and commissions
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0.25%
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$40,445.00
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Proceeds to Royal Bank of Canada
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99.75%
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$16,137,555.00
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The initial estimated value of the Notes as of the date of this pricing supplement is $975.05 per $1,000 in principal amount, which is less than
the price to public. The actual value of the Notes at any time will reflect many factors, cannot be predicted with accuracy, and may be less than this amount. We describe our determination of the initial estimated value in more detail below.
RBC Capital Markets, LLC, which we refer to as RBCCM, acting as agent for Royal Bank of Canada, received a commission of $2.50 per $1,000 in principal amount of the
Notes and used a portion of that commission to allow selling concessions to other dealers of up to $2.50 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes. The other dealers may forgo, in their sole discretion, some or all of their selling concessions.
See “Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” below.
RBC Capital Markets, LLC
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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SUMMARY
The information in this “Summary” section is qualified by the more detailed information set forth in this
pricing supplement, the product prospectus supplement, the prospectus supplement, and the prospectus.
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Issuer:
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Royal Bank of Canada (“Royal Bank”)
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Underwriter:
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RBC Capital Markets, LLC (“RBCCM”)
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Reference Asset:
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S&P 500® Index
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Bloomberg Ticker:
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SPX
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Currency:
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U.S. Dollars
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Minimum Investment:
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$1,000 and minimum denominations of $1,000 in excess thereof
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Pricing Date:
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October 11, 2018
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Issue Date:
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October 15, 2018
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CUSIP:
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78013XN95
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Valuation Date:
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October 11, 2023
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Payment at Maturity
(if held to maturity):
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If, on the Valuation Date, the Percentage Change is positive,
then the investor will receive an amount per $1,000 principal amount per Note equal to the lesser of:
1. Principal Amount + (Principal Amount x Percentage Change x Leverage Factor) and
2. the Maximum Redemption Amount
If, on the Valuation Date, the Percentage Change is less than or equal to 0%, but not by more than the Buffer Percentage (that is, the Percentage Change is between zero and -40.00%), then the investor will receive the principal amount only.
If, on the Valuation Date, the Percentage Change is negative, by more than the Buffer Percentage (that is, the Percentage Change is between -40.01% and -100%), then the investor will receive a cash payment equal to:
Principal Amount + [Principal Amount x (Percentage Change + Buffer Percentage)]
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Percentage Change:
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The Percentage Change, expressed as a percentage, is calculated using the following formula:
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Initial Level:
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2,728.37, which was the closing level of the Reference Asset on the Pricing Date.
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Final Level:
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The closing level of the Reference Asset on the Valuation Date.
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Leverage Factor:
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120.00% (subject to the Maximum Redemption Amount)
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Maximum Redemption Amount:
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154.00% multiplied by the principal amount
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Buffer Percentage:
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40.00%
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Buffer Level:
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1,637.02, which is 60.00% of the Initial Level (rounded to two decimal places)
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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Maturity Date:
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October 13, 2023, subject to extension for market and other disruptions, as described in the product prospectus supplement
dated September 7, 2018.
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Principal at Risk:
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The Notes are NOT principal
protected. You may lose a substantial portion of your principal amount at maturity if the Final Level is less than the Buffer Level.
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Calculation Agent:
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RBCCM
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U.S. Tax Treatment:
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By purchasing a Note, each holder agrees (in the absence of a change in law, an administrative determination or a judicial ruling to the
contrary) to treat the Notes as a pre-paid cash-settled derivative contract for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, the U.S. federal income tax consequences of your investment in the Notes are uncertain and the Internal Revenue
Service could assert that the Notes should be taxed in a manner that is different from that described in the preceding sentence. Please see the section below, “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences,” and the
discussion (including the opinion of our counsel Morrison & Foerster LLP) in the product prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018 under “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences,” which apply to the Notes.
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Secondary Market:
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RBCCM (or one of its affiliates), though not obligated to do so, may maintain a secondary market in the Notes after the
Issue Date. The amount that you may receive upon sale of your Notes prior to maturity may be less than the principal amount of your Notes.
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Listing:
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The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.
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Clearance and Settlement:
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DTC global (including through its indirect participants Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg as described under
“Description of Debt Securities—Ownership and Book-Entry Issuance” in the prospectus dated September 7, 2018).
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Terms Incorporated in the Master Note:
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All of the terms appearing above the item captioned “Secondary Market” on pages P-2 and P-3 of this pricing supplement and
the terms appearing under the caption “General Terms of the Notes” in the product prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018, as modified by this pricing supplement.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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ADDITIONAL TERMS OF YOUR NOTES
You should read this pricing supplement together with the prospectus dated September 7, 2018, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated
September 7, 2018 and the product prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018, relating to our Senior Global Medium-Term Notes, Series H, of which these Notes are a part. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this pricing supplement will
have the meanings given to them in the product prospectus supplement. In the event of any conflict, this pricing supplement will control. The Notes vary
from the terms described in the product prospectus supplement in several important ways. You should read this pricing supplement carefully.
This pricing supplement, together with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the Notes and supersedes all prior or
contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, brochures or other educational materials of
ours. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in “Risk Factors” in the prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018 and “Additional Risk Factors Specific to the Notes” in the product prospectus supplement dated
September 7, 2018, as the Notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisors before you invest in the Notes. You may access these documents on
the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if that address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):
Prospectus dated September 7, 2018:
Prospectus Supplement dated September 7, 2018:
Product Prospectus Supplement ERN-EI-1 dated September 7, 2018:
Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1000275. As used in this pricing supplement, “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Royal Bank of Canada.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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HYPOTHETICAL RETURNS
The examples set out below are included for illustration purposes only. The hypothetical
Percentage Changes of the Reference Asset used to illustrate the calculation of the Payment at Maturity (rounded to two decimal places) are not estimates or forecasts of the Final Level or the level of the Reference Asset on any trading
day prior to the Maturity Date. All examples are based on the Buffer Percentage of 40.00%, resulting in the Buffer Level of 60.00% of the Initial Level, the Leverage Factor of 120.00%, the Maximum Redemption Amount of 154.00% of the principal
amount, and assume that a holder purchased Notes with an aggregate principal amount of $1,000 and that no market disruption event occurs on the Valuation Date.
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Example 1—
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Calculation of the Payment at Maturity where the Percentage Change is positive.
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Percentage Change:
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10%
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Payment at Maturity:
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$1,000 + ($1,000 x 10% x 120.00%) = $1,000 + $120.00 = $1,120.00
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On a $1,000 investment, a 10% Percentage Change results in a Payment at Maturity of $1,120.00, a 12.00% return on the Notes.
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Example 2—
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Calculation of the Payment at Maturity where the Percentage Change is positive (and the Payment at Maturity is subject to the Maximum
Redemption Amount).
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Percentage Change:
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50.00%
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Payment at Maturity:
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$1,000 + ($1,000 x 50.00% x 120.00%) = $1,000 + $600.00 = $1,600.00
However, the Maximum Redemption Amount is $1,540.00. Accordingly, you will receive a payment at maturity equal to $1,540 per $1,000 in
principal amount of the Notes.
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On a $1,000 investment, a 50.00% Percentage Change results in a Payment at Maturity of $1,540.00, a 54.00% return on the Notes.
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Example 3—
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Calculation of the Payment at Maturity where the Percentage Change is negative (but not by more than the Buffer Percentage).
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Percentage Change:
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-8%
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Payment at Maturity:
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At maturity, if the Percentage Change is negative BUT not by more than the Buffer Percentage, then the Payment at Maturity will equal the
principal amount.
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On a $1,000 investment, a -8% Percentage Change results in a Payment at Maturity of $1,000, a 0% return on the Notes.
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Example 4—
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Calculation of the Payment at Maturity where the Percentage Change is negative (by more than the Buffer Percentage).
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Percentage Change:
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-55%
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Payment at Maturity:
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$1,000 + [$1,000 x (-55% + 40.00%)] = $1,000 - $150.00 = $850.00
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On a $1,000 investment, a -55% Percentage Change results in a Payment at Maturity of $850.00, a -15.00% return on the Notes.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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SELECTED RISK CONSIDERATIONS
An investment in the Notes involves significant risks. Investing in the Notes is not equivalent to investing directly in the Reference Asset. These
risks are explained in more detail in the section “Additional Risk Factors Specific to the Notes,” beginning on page PS-4 of the product prospectus supplement. In addition to the risks described in the prospectus supplement and the product
prospectus supplement, you should consider the following:
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Principal at Risk – Investors in the Notes could lose a substantial portion of their principal amount
if there is a decline in the level of the Reference Asset. You will lose 1% of the principal amount of the Notes for each 1% that the Final Level is less than the Initial Level by more than 40%.
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The Notes Do Not Pay Interest and Your Return May Be Lower than the Return on a Conventional Debt Security of
Comparable Maturity – There will be no periodic interest payments on the Notes as there would be on a conventional fixed-rate or floating-rate debt security having the same maturity. The return that you will receive on the
Notes, which could be negative, may be less than the return you could earn on other investments. Even if your return is positive, your return may be less than the return you would earn if you bought a conventional senior interest
bearing debt security of Royal Bank.
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Your Potential Payment at Maturity Is Limited – The Notes will provide less opportunity to participate
in the appreciation of the Reference Asset than an investment in a security linked to the Reference Asset providing full participation in the appreciation, because the payment at maturity will not exceed the Maximum Redemption Amount.
Accordingly, your return on the Notes may be less than your return would be if you made an investment in a security directly linked to the positive performance of the Reference Asset.
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Payments on the Notes Are Subject to Our Credit Risk, and Changes in Our Credit Ratings Are Expected to Affect
the Market Value of the Notes – The Notes are Royal Bank’s senior unsecured debt securities. As a result, your receipt of the amount due on the maturity date is dependent upon Royal Bank’s ability to repay its obligations at
that time. This will be the case even if the level of the Reference Asset increases after the Pricing Date. No assurance can be given as to what our financial condition will be at the maturity of the Notes.
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There May Not Be an Active Trading Market for the Notes—Sales in the Secondary Market May Result in
Significant Losses – There may be little or no secondary market for the Notes. The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. RBCCM and other affiliates of Royal Bank may make a market for the Notes; however, they
are not required to do so. RBCCM or any other affiliate of Royal Bank may stop any market-making activities at any time. Even if a secondary market for the Notes develops, it may not provide significant liquidity or trade at prices
advantageous to you. We expect that transaction costs in any secondary market would be high. As a result, the difference between bid and asked prices for your Notes in any secondary market could be substantial.
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You Will Not Have Any Rights to the Securities Included in the Reference Asset – As a holder of the
Notes, you will not have voting rights or rights to receive cash dividends or other distributions or other rights that holders of securities included in the Reference Asset would have. The Final Level will not reflect any dividends
paid on the securities included in the Reference Asset, and accordingly, any positive return on the Notes may be less than the potential positive return on those securities.
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The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Less than the Price to the Public – The initial estimated
value set forth on the cover page of this pricing supplement does not represent a minimum price at which we, RBCCM or any of our affiliates would be willing to purchase the Notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. If
you attempt to sell the Notes prior to maturity, their market value may be lower than the price you paid for them and the initial estimated value. This is due to, among other things, changes in the level of the Reference Asset, the
borrowing rate we pay to issue securities of this kind, and the inclusion in the price to the public of the underwriting discount and the estimated costs relating to our hedging of the Notes. These factors, together with various
credit, market and economic factors over the term of the Notes, are expected to reduce the price at which you may be able to sell the Notes in any secondary market and will affect the value of the Notes in complex and unpredictable
ways. Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which you may be able to sell your Notes prior to maturity may be less than your original purchase price, as any such sale price would
not be expected to include the underwriting discount and the hedging costs relating to the Notes. In addition to bid-ask spreads, the value of the Notes determined for any secondary market price is expected to be based on the
secondary rate rather than the internal funding rate used
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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to price the Notes and determine the initial estimated value. As a result, the secondary price will be less than if the internal
funding rate was used. The Notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your Notes to maturity.
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The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes on the Cover Page Is an Estimate Only, Calculated as of the Time the
Terms of the Notes Were Set – The initial estimated value of the Notes is based on the value of our obligation to make the payments on the Notes,
together with the mid-market value of the derivative embedded in the terms of the Notes. See “Structuring the Notes” below. Our estimate is based on a variety of assumptions, including our credit spreads, expectations as to dividends,
interest rates and volatility, and the expected term of the Notes. These assumptions are based on certain forecasts about future events, which may prove to be incorrect. Other entities may value the Notes or similar securities at a
price that is significantly different than we do.
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The value of the Notes at any time after the Pricing Date will vary based on many factors, including changes
in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy. As a result, the actual value you would receive if you sold the Notes in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from the initial estimated value of your
Notes.
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Inconsistent Research – Royal Bank or its affiliates may issue research reports on securities that are,
or may become, components of the Reference Asset. We may also publish research from time to time on financial markets and other matters that may influence the levels of the Reference Asset or the value of the Notes, or express
opinions or provide recommendations that may be inconsistent with the purchasing or holding the Notes or with the investment view implicit in the Notes or the Reference Asset. You should make your own independent investigation of the
merits of investing in the Notes and the Reference Asset.
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Market Disruption Events and Adjustments – The payment at maturity and the Valuation Date are subject
to adjustment as described in the product prospectus supplement. For a description of what constitutes a market disruption event as well as the consequences of that market disruption event, see “General Terms of the Notes—Market
Disruption Events” in the product prospectus supplement.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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INFORMATION REGARDING THE REFERENCE ASSET
All disclosures contained in this document regarding the Reference Asset, including, without limitation, its make up, method of calculation, and
changes in its components, have been derived from publicly available sources. The information reflects the policies of, and is subject to change by, S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC (“S&P”). S&P, which owns the copyright and all other rights
to the Reference Asset, has no obligation to continue to publish, and may discontinue publication of, the Reference Asset. The consequences of S&P discontinuing publication of the Reference Asset are discussed in the section of the product
prospectus supplement entitled “General Terms of the Notes— Unavailability of the Level of the Reference Asset.” Neither we nor RBCCM accepts any responsibility for the calculation, maintenance or publication of the Reference Asset or any
successor index.
The Reference Asset is intended to provide an indication of the pattern of common stock price movement. The calculation of the level of the
Reference Asset is based on the relative value of the aggregate market value of the common stocks of 500 companies as of a particular time compared to the aggregate average market value of the common stocks of 500 similar companies during the
base period of the years 1941 through 1943.
S&P calculates the Reference Asset by reference to the prices of the constituent stocks of the Reference Asset without taking account of the
value of dividends paid on those stocks. As a result, the return on the Notes will not reflect the return you would realize if you actually owned the Reference Asset constituent stocks and received the dividends paid on those stocks.
Effective with the September 2015 rebalance, consolidated share class lines will no longer be included in the Reference Asset. Each share class
line will be subject to public float and liquidity criteria individually, but the company’s total market capitalization will be used to evaluate each share class line. This may result in one listed share class line of a company being included in
the Reference Asset while a second listed share class line of the same company is excluded.
Computation of the Reference Asset
While S&P currently employs the following methodology to calculate the Reference Asset, no assurance can be given that S&P will not modify
or change this methodology in a manner that may affect the Payment at Maturity.
Historically, the market value of any component stock of the Reference Asset was calculated as the product of the market price per share and the
number of then outstanding shares of such component stock. In March 2005, S&P began shifting the Reference Asset halfway from a market capitalization weighted formula to a float-adjusted formula, before moving the Reference Asset to full
float adjustment on September 16, 2005. S&P’s criteria for selecting stocks for the Reference Asset did not change with the shift to float adjustment. However, the adjustment affects each company’s weight in the Reference Asset.
Under float adjustment, the share counts used in calculating the Reference Asset reflect only those shares that are available to investors, not
all of a company’s outstanding shares. Float adjustment excludes shares that are closely held by control groups, other publicly traded companies or government agencies.
In September 2012, all shareholdings representing more than 5% of a stock’s outstanding shares, other than holdings by “block owners,” were
removed from the float for purposes of calculating the Reference Asset. Generally, these “control holders” will include officers and directors, private equity, venture capital and special equity firms, other publicly traded companies that hold
shares for control, strategic partners, holders of restricted shares, ESOPs, employee and family trusts, foundations associated with the company, holders of unlisted share classes of stock, government entities at all levels (other than government
retirement/pension funds) and any individual person who controls a 5% or greater stake in a company as reported in regulatory filings. However, holdings by block owners, such as depositary banks, pension funds, mutual funds and ETF providers,
401(k) plans of the company, government retirement/pension funds, investment funds of insurance companies, asset managers and investment funds, independent foundations and savings and investment plans, will ordinarily be considered part of the
float.
Treasury stock, stock options, equity participation units, warrants, preferred stock, convertible stock, and rights are not part of the float. Shares held in a trust
to allow investors in countries outside the country of domicile, such as depositary shares and Canadian exchangeable shares are normally part of the float unless those shares form a control block.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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For each stock, an investable weight factor (“IWF”) is calculated by dividing the available float shares by the total shares outstanding.
Available float shares are defined as the total shares outstanding less shares held by control holders. This calculation is subject to a 5% minimum threshold for control blocks. For example, if a company’s officers and directors hold 3% of the
company’s shares, and no other control group holds 5% of the company’s shares, S&P would assign that company an IWF of 1.00, as no control group meets the 5% threshold. However, if a company’s officers and directors hold 3% of the company’s
shares and another control group holds 20% of the company’s shares, S&P would assign an IWF of 0.77, reflecting the fact that 23% of the company’s outstanding shares are considered to be held for control. As of July 31, 2017, companies with
multiple share class lines are no longer eligible for inclusion in the Reference Asset. Constituents of the Reference Asset prior to July 31, 2017 with multiple share class lines will be grandfathered in and continue to be included in the
Reference Asset. If a constituent company of the Reference Asset reorganizes into a multiple share class line structure, that company will remain in the Reference Asset at the discretion of the S&P Index Committee in order to minimize
turnover
The Reference Asset is calculated using a base-weighted aggregate methodology. The level of the Reference Asset reflects the total market value of
all 500 component stocks relative to the base period of the years 1941 through 1943. An indexed number is used to represent the results of this calculation in order to make the level easier to use and track over time. The actual total market
value of the component stocks during the base period of the years 1941 through 1943 has been set to an indexed level of 10. This is often indicated by the notation 1941-43 = 10. In practice, the daily calculation of the Reference Asset is
computed by dividing the total market value of the component stocks by the “index divisor.” By itself, the index divisor is an arbitrary number. However, in the context of the calculation of the Reference Asset, it serves as a link to the
original base period level of the Reference Asset. The index divisor keeps the Reference Asset comparable over time and is the manipulation point for all adjustments to the Reference Asset, which is index maintenance.
Index Maintenance
Index maintenance includes monitoring and completing the adjustments for company additions and deletions, share changes, stock splits, stock
dividends, and stock price adjustments due to company restructuring or spinoffs. Some corporate actions, such as stock splits and stock dividends, require changes in the common shares outstanding and the stock prices of the companies in the
Reference Asset, and do not require index divisor adjustments.
To prevent the level of the Reference Asset from changing due to corporate actions, corporate actions which affect the total market value of the
Reference Asset require an index divisor adjustment. By adjusting the index divisor for the change in market value, the level of the Reference Asset remains constant and does not reflect the corporate actions of individual companies in the
Reference Asset. Index divisor adjustments are made after the close of trading and after the calculation of the Reference Asset closing level.
Changes in a company’s total shares outstanding of 5% or more due to public offerings are made as soon as reasonably possible. Other changes of 5%
or more (for example, due to tender offers, Dutch auctions, voluntary exchange offers, company stock repurchases, private placements, acquisitions of private companies or non-index companies that do not trade on a major exchange, redemptions,
exercise of options, warrants, conversion of preferred stock, notes, debt, equity participations, at-the-market stock offerings or other recapitalizations) are made weekly, and are generally announced on Fridays for implementation after the close
of trading the following Friday (one week later). If a 5% or more share change causes a company’s IWF to change by five percentage points or more, the IWF is updated at the same time as the share change. IWF changes resulting from partial tender
offers are considered on a case-by-case basis.
License Agreement
S&P® is a registered trademark of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC and Dow Jones® is a registered trademark
of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings LLC (“Dow Jones”). These trademarks have been licensed for use by S&P. “Standard & Poor’s®”, “S&P 500®” and “S&P®” are trademarks of Standard & Poor’s Financial
Services LLC. These trademarks have been sublicensed for certain purposes by us. The Reference Asset is a product of S&P and/or its affiliates and has been licensed for use by us.
The Notes are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC or any of their respective
affiliates (collectively, “S&P Dow Jones Indices”). S&P Dow Jones Indices make no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the holders of the Notes or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in
securities generally or in the Notes particularly or the ability of the Reference Asset to track general market
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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performance. S&P Dow Jones Indices’ only relationship to us with respect to the Reference Asset is the licensing of the Reference Asset and
certain trademarks, service marks and/or trade names of S&P Dow Jones Indices and/or its third party licensors. The Reference Asset is determined, composed and calculated by S&P Dow Jones Indices without regard to us or the Notes. S&P
Dow Jones Indices have no obligation to take our needs or the needs of holders of the Notes into consideration in determining, composing or calculating the Reference Asset. S&P Dow Jones Indices are not responsible for and have not
participated in the determination of the prices, and amount of the Notes or the timing of the issuance or sale of the Notes or in the determination or calculation of the equation by which the Notes are to be converted into cash. S&P Dow Jones
Indices have no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Notes. There is no assurance that investment products based on the Reference Asset will accurately track index performance or provide
positive investment returns. S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and its subsidiaries are not investment advisors. Inclusion of a security or futures contract within an index is not a recommendation by S&P Dow Jones Indices to buy, sell, or hold
such security or futures contract, nor is it considered to be investment advice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, CME Group Inc. and its affiliates may independently issue and/or sponsor financial products unrelated to the Notes currently being
issued by us, but which may be similar to and competitive with the Notes. In addition, CME Group Inc. and its affiliates may trade financial products which are linked to the performance of the Reference Asset. It is possible that this trading
activity will affect the value of the Notes.
S&P DOW JONES INDICES DO NOT GUARANTEE THE ADEQUACY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS AND/OR THE COMPLETENESS OF THE REFERENCE ASSET OR ANY DATA RELATED THERETO OR ANY
COMMUNICATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ORAL OR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION (INCLUDING ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS) WITH RESPECT THERETO. S&P DOW JONES INDICES SHALL NOT BE SUBJECT TO ANY DAMAGES OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DELAYS
THEREIN. S&P DOW JONES INDICES MAKE NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE OR AS TO RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY US, HOLDERS OF THE NOTES, OR ANY
OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FROM THE USE OF THE REFERENCE ASSET OR WITH RESPECT TO ANY DATA RELATED THERETO. WITHOUT LIMITING ANY OF THE FOREGOING, IN NO EVENT WHATSOEVER SHALL S&P DOW JONES INDICES BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL,
PUNITIVE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF PROFITS, TRADING LOSSES, LOST TIME OR GOODWILL, EVEN IF THEY HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE.
THERE ARE NO THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES OF ANY AGREEMENTS OR ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN S&P DOW JONES INDICES AND US, OTHER THAN THE LICENSORS OF S&P DOW JONES INDICES.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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Historical Information
The graph below sets forth the information relating to the historical performance of the Reference Asset. In addition, below the graph is a table
setting forth the intra-day high, intra-day low and period-end closing levels of the Reference Asset. The information provided in this table is for the period from January 1, 2008 through October 11, 2018.
We obtained the information regarding the historical performance of the Reference Asset in the chart below from Bloomberg Financial Markets.
We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information obtained from Bloomberg Financial Markets. The historical
performance of the Reference Asset should not be taken as an indication of its future performance, and no assurance can be given as to the Final Level of the Reference Asset. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of the Reference
Asset will result in any positive return on your initial investment.
S&P 500® Index (“SPX”)
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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Period-Start Date
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Period-End Date
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High Intra-Day Level
of the Reference
Asset
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Low Intra-Day Level of
the Reference Asset
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Period-End Closing
Level of the Reference
Asset
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1/1/2008
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3/31/2008
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1,471.77
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1,256.98
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1,322.70
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||||
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4/1/2008
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6/30/2008
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1,440.24
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1,272.00
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1,280.00
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7/1/2008
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9/30/2008
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1,313.15
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1,106.39
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1,166.36
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10/1/2008
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12/31/2008
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1,167.03
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741.02
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890.64
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1/1/2009
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3/31/2009
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943.85
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666.79
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797.87
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4/1/2009
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6/30/2009
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956.23
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783.32
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919.32
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7/1/2009
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9/30/2009
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1,080.15
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869.32
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1,057.08
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10/1/2009
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12/31/2009
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1,130.38
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1,019.95
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1,126.42
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1/1/2010
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3/31/2010
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1,180.69
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1,044.50
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1,169.43
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4/1/2010
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6/30/2010
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1,219.80
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1,028.33
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1,030.71
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7/1/2010
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9/30/2010
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1,157.16
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1,010.91
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1,141.20
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10/1/2010
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12/31/2010
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1,262.60
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1,131.87
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1,257.88
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1/1/2011
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3/31/2011
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1,344.07
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1,249.05
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1,325.83
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4/1/2011
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6/30/2011
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1,370.58
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1,258.07
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1,320.64
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7/1/2011
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9/30/2011
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1,356.48
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1,101.54
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1,131.42
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10/1/2011
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12/31/2011
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1,292.66
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1,074.77
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1,257.61
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1/1/2012
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3/30/2012
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1,419.15
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1,258.86
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1,408.47
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4/1/2012
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6/30/2012
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1,422.38
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1,266.74
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1,362.16
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7/1/2012
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9/30/2012
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1,474.51
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1,325.41
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1,440.67
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10/1/2012
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12/31/2012
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1,470.96
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1,343.35
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1,426.19
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1/1/2013
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3/31/2013
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1,570.28
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1,426.19
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1,569.19
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4/1/2013
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6/30/2013
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1,687.18
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1,536.03
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1,606.28
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7/1/2013
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9/30/2013
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1,729.86
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1,604.57
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1,681.55
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10/1/2013
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12/31/2013
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1,849.44
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1,646.47
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1,848.36
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1/1/2014
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3/31/2014
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1,883.97
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1,737.92
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1,872.34
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4/1/2014
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6/30/2014
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1,968.17
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1,814.36
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1,960.23
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7/1/2014
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9/30/2014
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2,019.26
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1,904.78
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1,972.29
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10/1/2014
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12/31/2014
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2,093.55
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1,820.66
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2,058.90
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1/1/2015
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3/31/2015
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2,119.59
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1,980.90
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2,067.89
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4/1/2015
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6/30/2015
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2,134.72
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2,048.38
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2,063.11
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7/1/2015
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9/30/2015
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2,132.82
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1,867.01
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1,920.03
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10/1/2015
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12/31/2015
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2,116.48
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1,893.70
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2,043.94
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1/1/2016
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3/31/2016
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2,072.21
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1,810.10
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2,059.74
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4/1/2016
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6/30/2016
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2,120.55
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1,991.68
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2,098.86
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7/1/2016
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9/30/2016
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2,193.81
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2,074.02
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2,168.27
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10/1/2016
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12/31/2016
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2,277.53
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2,083.79
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2,238.83
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1/1/2017
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3/31/2017
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2,400.98
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2,245.13
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2,362.72
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4/1/2017
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6/30/2017
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2,453.82
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2,328.95
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2,423.41
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7/1/2017
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9/30/2017
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2,519.44
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2,407.70
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2,519.36
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10/1/2017
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12/31/2017
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2,694.97
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2,520.40
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2,673.61
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1/1/2018
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3/31/2018
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2,872.87
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2,532.69
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2,640.87
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4/1/2018
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6/30/2018
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2,791.47
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2,553.80
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2,718.37
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7/1/2018
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9/30/2018
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2,940.91
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2,698.95
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2,913.98
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10/1/2018
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10/11/2018
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2,939.86
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2,710.51
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2,728.37
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PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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SUPPLEMENTAL DISCUSSION OF
U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES
The following disclosure supplements, and to the extent inconsistent
supersedes, the discussion in the product prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018 under “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.”
Under Section 871(m) of the Code, a “dividend equivalent” payment is treated as a dividend from sources within the United States. Such payments
generally would be subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax if paid to a non-U.S. holder. Under U.S. Treasury Department regulations, payments (including deemed payments) with respect to equity-linked instruments (“ELIs”) that are “specified ELIs”
may be treated as dividend equivalents if such specified ELIs reference an interest in an “underlying security,” which is generally any interest in an entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if a payment with respect
to such interest could give rise to a U.S. source dividend. However, the IRS has issued guidance that states that the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS intend to amend the effective dates of the U.S. Treasury Department regulations to provide
that withholding on dividend equivalent payments will not apply to specified ELIs that are not delta-one instruments and that are issued before January 1, 2021. Based on our determination that the Notes are not delta-one instruments, non-U.S.
holders should not be subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments, if any, under the Notes. However, it is possible that the Notes could be treated as deemed reissued for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the occurrence of certain
events affecting the Reference Asset or the Notes (for example, upon the Reference Asset rebalancing), and following such occurrence the Notes could be treated as subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments. Non-U.S. holders that
enter, or have entered, into other transactions in respect of the Reference Asset or the Notes should consult their tax advisors as to the application of the dividend equivalent withholding tax in the context of the Notes and their other
transactions. If any payments are treated as dividend equivalents subject to withholding, we (or the applicable withholding agent) would be entitled to withhold taxes without being required to pay any additional amounts with respect to amounts so
withheld.
SUPPLEMENTAL PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION (CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)
Delivery of the Notes will be made against payment for the Notes on October 15, 2018, which is the second
(2nd) business day following the Pricing Date (this settlement cycle being referred to as “T+2”). See “Plan of Distribution” in the prospectus dated September 7, 2018. For additional
information as to the relationship between us and RBCCM, please see the section “Plan of Distribution—Conflicts of Interest” in the prospectus dated September 7, 2018.
The value of the Notes shown on your account statement may be based on
RBCCM’s estimate of the value of the Notes if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Notes (which it is not obligated to do). That estimate will be based upon the price that RBCCM may pay for the Notes in light of then
prevailing market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately 12 months after the issue date of the Notes, the value of the Notes that may be shown on your account statement may be higher than RBCCM’s
estimated value of the Notes at that time. This is because the estimated value of the Notes will not include the underwriting discount and our hedging costs and profits; however, the value of the Notes shown on your account statement during
that period may initially be a higher amount, reflecting the addition of RBCCM’s underwriting discount and our estimated costs and profits from hedging the Notes. This excess is expected to decrease over time until the end of this period. After
this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Notes, it expects to do so at prices that reflect their estimated value.
We may use this pricing supplement in the initial sale of the Notes. In addition, RBCCM or another of our affiliates may use this pricing supplement in a market-making
transaction in the Notes after their initial sale. Unless we or our agent informs the purchaser otherwise in the confirmation of sale, this pricing
supplement is being used in a market-making transaction.
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Buffered Enhanced Return Notes
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STRUCTURING THE NOTES
The Notes are our debt securities, the return on which is linked to the performance of the
Reference Asset. As is the case for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Notes reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness at the time of pricing. In addition, because structured notes
result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow the funds under these Notes at a rate that is more favorable to us than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt
security of comparable maturity. Using this relatively lower implied borrowing rate rather than the secondary market rate, is a factor that reduced the initial estimated value of the Notes at the time their terms were set. Unlike the estimated
value included in this pricing supplement, any value of the Notes determined for purposes of a secondary market transaction may be based on a different funding rate, which may result in a lower value for the Notes than if our initial internal
funding rate were used.
In order to satisfy our payment obligations under the Notes, we may choose to
enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives) on the issue date with RBCCM or one of our other subsidiaries. The terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of
factors, including our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, the volatility of the Reference Asset, and the tenor of the Notes. The economic terms of the Notes and their initial estimated value depend in part on the terms of these hedging
arrangements.
The lower implied borrowing rate is a factor that reduced the economic terms
of the Notes to you. The initial offering price of the Notes also reflects the underwriting discount and our estimated hedging costs. These factors resulted in the initial estimated
value for the Notes on the Pricing Date being less than their public offering price. See “Selected Risk Considerations—The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Less than the Price to the Public” above.
VALIDITY OF THE NOTES
In the opinion of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP, the issue and sale of
the Notes has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Bank in conformity with the Indenture, and when the Notes have been duly executed, authenticated and issued in accordance with the Indenture and delivered against
payment therefor, the Notes will be validly issued and, to the extent validity of the Notes is a matter governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario or Québec, or the laws of Canada applicable therein, and will be valid obligations of the
Bank, subject to equitable remedies which may only be granted at the discretion of a court of competent authority, subject to applicable bankruptcy, to rights to indemnity and contribution under the Notes or the Indenture which may be limited
by applicable law; to insolvency and other laws of general application affecting creditors’ rights, to limitations under applicable limitations statutes, and to limitations as to the currency in which judgments in Canada may be rendered, as
prescribed by the Currency Act (Canada). This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the Provinces of Ontario and Québec and the federal laws of Canada applicable thereto. In addition, this opinion is subject to
customary assumptions about the Trustee’s authorization, execution and delivery of the Indenture and the genuineness of signatures and certain factual matters, all as stated in the letter of such counsel dated September 7, 2018, which has been
filed as Exhibit 5.1 to Royal Bank’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC dated September 7, 2018.
In the opinion of Morrison & Foerster LLP, when the Notes have been duly
completed in accordance with the Indenture and issued and sold as contemplated by the prospectus supplement and the prospectus, the Notes will be valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Royal Bank, entitled to the benefits of the
Indenture, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, concepts of reasonableness and equitable principles of general applicability (including, without limitation, concepts of good faith,
fair dealing and the lack of bad faith). This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the State of New York. This opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the Trustee’s authorization, execution and
delivery of the Indenture and the genuineness of signatures and to such counsel’s reliance on the Bank and other sources as to certain factual matters, all as stated in the legal opinion dated September 7, 2018, which has been filed as Exhibit
5.2 to the Bank’s Form 6-K dated September 7, 2018.