Free Writing Prospectus
(To the Prospectus dated January 8, 2016, the Prospectus Supplement dated January 8, 2016, and the Product Prospectus Supplement dated January 12, 2016)
Filed Pursuant to Rule 433
Registration No. 333-208507
August 28, 2018

 Royal Bank of Canada
$
Levered Market Plus Notes
 due March 4, 2020
Linked to the EURO STOXX 50® Index
 Senior Global Medium Term Notes, Series G
  
General

 ·
The Notes are designed for investors who seek a return of 1.22 times the appreciation of the EURO STOXX 50® Index (the “Index”). Investors should be willing to forgo interest and dividend payments and, if the Index declines by more than 30.00%, be willing to lose some or all of their principal.

·
Senior unsecured obligations of Royal Bank of Canada maturing March 4, 2020.(a)(b)

·
Minimum denominations of $10,000 and integral multiples of $1,000 in excess thereof.

·
The Notes are expected to price on or about August 31, 2018 (b) (the “pricing date”) and are expected to be issued on or about September 6, 2018(b) (the “issue date”).
Key Terms
Terms used in this free writing prospectus, but not defined herein, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in the product prospectus supplement.
Issuer:
Royal Bank of Canada
Reference Asset:
EURO STOXX 50® Index (Bloomberg ticker symbol “SX5E”)
Leverage Factor:
1.22
Payment at Maturity:
If the Final Level is greater than the Initial Level, you will receive a cash payment that provides you with a return equal to the Percentage Change multiplied by the Leverage Factor. Accordingly, if the Percentage Change is positive, your payment per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes will be calculated as follows:
$1,000 + [$1,000 x (Percentage Change x Leverage Factor)]
If the Final Level is equal to or less than the Initial Level but greater than or equal to the Barrier Level, resulting in a Percentage Change that is equal to or less than 0% but greater than or equal -30.00%, you will receive the principal amount of your Notes at maturity.
If the Final Level is less than the Barrier Level, you will lose 1% of the principal amount of your Notes for every 1% that the Final Level declines from the Initial Level. Accordingly, if the Percentage Change is less than -30.00%, your payment per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes will be calculated as follows:
$1,000 + ($1,000 x Percentage Change)
If the Final Level is less than the Initial Level by more than 30.00%, you will lose 1% of the principal amount of your Notes for every 1% that the Percentage Change is less than 0%. Any payment on the Notes, including any repayment of principal, is subject to the creditworthiness of the Issuer and is not guaranteed by any third party.
   
Percentage
Change:
The performance of the Index from the Initial Level to the Final Level, calculated as follows:
Final Level – Initial Level
Initial Level
Barrier Level:
70% of the Initial Level
Initial Level:
The closing level of the Index on the pricing date.
Final Level:
The arithmetic average of the closing levels of the Index on each of the valuation dates.
Valuation Dates:
February 24, February 25, February 26, February 27 and February 28, 2020(a)(b)
Maturity Date:
March 4, 2020 (a)(b)
Calculation Agent:
RBC Capital Markets, LLC
CUSIP/ISIN:
78013XD54/US78013XD543
Estimated Value:
The initial estimated value of the Notes as of the date of this document is $983.92 per $1,000 in principal amount, which is less than the price to public. The pricing supplement relating to the Notes will set forth our estimate of the initial value of the Notes as of the pricing date, which will not be more than $20 less than this amount. The actual value of the Notes at any time will reflect many factors, cannot be predicted with accuracy, and may be less than this amount.
(a) Subject to postponement if a market disruption event occurs, as described under “General Terms of the Notes—Market Disruption Events” in the product prospectus supplement.
(b) Expected. In the event we make any change to the expected pricing date and issue date, the valuation dates and the maturity date will be changed so that the stated term of the Notes remains the same.
Investing in the Notes involves a number of risks. See “Additional Risk Factors Specific to the Notes” beginning on page PS-4 of the product prospectus supplement, “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-1 of the prospectus supplement and beginning on page 1 of the prospectus and “Selected Risk Considerations” beginning on page FWP-4 of this free writing prospectus.
The Notes will not be listed on any U.S. securities exchange or quotation system. Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined that this free writing prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The Notes will not constitute deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other Canadian or U.S. government agency or instrumentality.

 
Price to Public1
Underwriting Commission2
Proceeds to Royal Bank of Canada
Per Note
$1,000
$12.50
$987.50
Total
$
$
$

1. Certain fiduciary accounts purchasing the Notes will pay a purchase price of $987.50 per Note, and the placement agents will forgo any fees with respect to sales made to those accounts. The price to the public for all other purchases of the Notes is 100%.
2. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and their affiliates will act as placement agents for the Notes and will receive a fee from the Issuer that will not exceed $12.50 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes, but will forgo any fees for sales to certain fiduciary accounts.
RBC Capital Markets, LLC
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
 
Placement Agents

Royal Bank of Canada has filed a registration statement (including a product prospectus supplement, a prospectus supplement, and a prospectus) with the SEC for the offering to which this free writing prospectus relates. Before you invest, you should read those documents and the other documents relating to this offering that we have filed with the SEC for more complete information about us and this offering. You may obtain these documents without cost by visiting EDGAR on the SEC website at www.sec.gov. Alternatively, Royal Bank of Canada, any agent or any dealer participating in this offering will arrange to send you the product prospectus supplement, the prospectus supplement and the prospectus if you so request by calling toll-free at 1-877-688-2301.
You may revoke your offer to purchase the Notes at any time prior to the pricing as described on the cover of this free writing prospectus. We reserve the right to change the terms of, or reject any offer to purchase the Notes prior to their issuance. In the event of any changes to the terms of the Notes, we will notify you and you will be asked to accept such changes in connection with your purchase. You may also choose to reject such changes, in which case we may reject your offer to purchase.
ADDITIONAL TERMS OF THE NOTES
You should read this free writing prospectus together with the prospectus dated January 8, 2016, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated January 8, 2016 and the product prospectus supplement dated January 12, 2016, relating to our Senior Global Medium-Term Notes, Series G, of which these Notes are a part. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this free writing prospectus will have the meanings given to them in the product prospectus supplement. In the event of any conflict, this free writing prospectus will control. You should read this free writing prospectus carefully.
This free writing prospectus, together with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the Notes and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, brochures or other educational materials of ours. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in “Risk Factors” in the prospectus supplement dated January 8, 2016 and “Additional Risk Factors Specific to the Notes” in the product prospectus supplement dated January 12, 2016, as the Notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisors before you invest in the Notes. You may access these documents on the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if that address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):
Prospectus dated January 8, 2016:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000121465916008810/j18160424b3.htm
Prospectus Supplement dated January 8, 2016:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000121465916008811/p14150424b3.htm
Product Prospectus Supplement ERN-EI-1 dated January 12, 2016:
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000114036116047560/form424b5.htm
Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1000275. As used in this free writing prospectus, “Royal Bank”, “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Royal Bank of Canada.

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What Is the Total Return on the Notes at Maturity Assuming a Range of Performance for the Index?
The following table illustrates the hypothetical total return at maturity on the Notes. The “total return,” as used in this free writing prospectus, is the number, expressed as a percentage, that results from comparing the payment at maturity per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes to $1,000. The hypothetical total returns and examples set forth below reflect a Leverage Factor of 1.22 and assume a hypothetical Initial Level of 2,000.00, a Barrier Level of 1,500.00, and hypothetical Final Levels, as set forth below. The actual Initial Level and Barrier Level will be determined on the pricing date, and the actual Final Level will be determined based on the arithmetic average of the closing levels of the Index on each of the valuation dates. The hypothetical total returns and examples set forth below are for illustrative purposes only and may not be the actual total returns applicable to a purchaser of the Notes. The numbers appearing in the following table and examples have been rounded for ease of analysis. The examples below do not take into account any tax consequences from investing in the Notes.
Final Level
Percentage Change
Payment at
Maturity
Total Return on the
Notes
3,000.00
50.00%
$1,610.00
61.00%
2,800.00
40.00%
$1,488.00
48.80%
2,600.00
30.00%
$1,366.00
36.60%
2,400.00
20.00%
$1,244.00
24.40%
2,300.00
15.00%
$1,183.00
18.30%
2,200.00
10.00%
$1,122.00
12.20%
2,160.00
8.00%
$1,097.60
9.76%
2,100.00
5.00%
$1,061.00
6.10%
2,050.00
2.50%
$1,030.50
3.05%
2,000.00
0.00%
$1,000.00
0.00%
1,800.00
-10.00%
$1,000.00
0.00%
1,600.00
-20.00%
$1,000.00
0.00%
1,500.00
-25.00%
$1,000.00
0.00%
1,400.00
-30.00%
$700.00
-0.00%
1,200.00
-40.00%
$600.00
-40.00%
1,000.00
-50.00%
$500.00
-50.00%
800.00
-60.00%
$400.00
-60.00%
600.00
-70.00%
$300.00
-70.00%
400.00
-80.00%
$200.00
-80.00%
200.00
-90.00%
$100.00
-90.00%
0.00
-100.00%
$0.00
-100.00%

Hypothetical Examples of Amounts Payable at Maturity
The following examples illustrate how the payments set forth in the table above are calculated.
Example 1: The level of the Index increases from an Initial Level of 2,000.00 to a Final Level of 2,200.00, resulting in a Percentage Change of 10.00%.
Because the Percentage Change is positive, the investor receives a payment at maturity of $1,140.00 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes, calculated as follows:
$1,000 + [$1,000 x (10.00% x 1.22)] = $1,122.00
Example 2: The level of the Index decreases from an Initial Level of 2,000.00 to a Final Level of 1,800.00, resulting in a Percentage Change of -10.00%.
Because the Percentage Change is negative, but is greater than or equal to -30.00%, the investor will receive a payment at maturity of $1,000 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes.
Example 3: The level of the Index decreases from an Initial Level of 2,000.00 to a Final Level of 1,000.00, resulting in a Percentage Change of -50.00%.
Because the Percentage Change is less than -30.00%, the investor will receive a payment at maturity of $500.00 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes, calculated as follows:
$1,000 + ($1,000 x -50.00%) = $500.00

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Selected Purchase Considerations
·
Appreciation Potential — The Notes provide the opportunity to enhance index returns by multiplying a positive Percentage Change by the Leverage Factor.
·
Limited Protection Against Loss — Payment at maturity of the principal amount of the Notes is protected against a decline in the Final Level, as compared to the Initial Level, of up to 30.00%.  If the Final Level is less than the Initial Level by more than 30.00%, you will lose an amount equal to 1% of the principal amount of your Notes for every 1% that the Percentage Change is less than 0%.  Because the Notes are our senior unsecured obligations, payment of any amount at maturity is subject to our ability to pay our obligations as they become due and is not guaranteed by any third party. For a description of the risks with respect to our credit, see “Selected Risk Considerations—Credit of Issuer” in this free writing prospectus.
Selected Risk Considerations
An investment in the Notes involves significant risks. Investing in the Notes is not equivalent to investing directly in the Index. These risks are explained in more detail in the section “Additional Risk Factors Specific to the Notes,” beginning on page PS-4 of the product prospectus supplement. In addition to the risks described in the prospectus supplement and the product prospectus supplement, you should consider the following:
·
Principal at Risk — Investors in the Notes could lose all or a substantial portion of their principal amount if the level of the Index decreases by more than 30%. If the Percentage Change is less than -30%, the payment that you will receive at maturity will represent a loss of your principal that is proportionate to the decline in the level of the Index from the Initial Level to the Final Level.
·
The Notes Do Not Pay Interest and Your Return May Be Lower than the Return on a Conventional Debt Security of Comparable Maturity — There will be no periodic interest payments on the Notes as there would be on a conventional fixed-rate or floating-rate debt security having the same maturity. The return that you will receive on the Notes, which could be negative, may be less than the return you could earn on other investments. Even if your return is positive, your return may be less than the return you would earn if you bought one of our conventional senior interest bearing debt securities.
·
Credit of Issuer — The Notes are our senior unsecured debt securities. As a result, your receipt of the amount due on the maturity date is dependent upon our ability to repay our obligations at that time. This will be the case even if the level of the Index increases after the pricing date. No assurance can be given as to what our financial condition will be at the maturity of the Notes.
·
There May Not Be an Active Trading Market for the Notes—Sales in the Secondary Market May Result in Significant Losses — There may be little or no secondary market for the Notes. The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. RBCCM and our other affiliates may make a market for the Notes; however, they are not required to do so. RBCCM or any other affiliate of ours may stop any market-making activities at any time. Even if a secondary market for the Notes develops, it may not provide significant liquidity or trade at prices advantageous to you. We expect that transaction costs in any secondary market would be high. As a result, the difference between bid and asked prices for your Notes in any secondary market could be substantial.
·
You Will Not Have Any Rights to the Securities Included in the Index — As a holder of the Notes, you will not have voting rights or rights to receive cash dividends or other distributions or other rights that holders of securities included in the Index would have.
·
The Notes Are Subject to Non-U.S. Securities Markets Risks — An investment in securities linked to the Index involves risks associated with the Eurozone. The prices of such securities may be affected by political, legal, economic, financial and social factors in the home country of each such company and related international markets, including changes in governmental, economic and fiscal policies, currency exchange laws or other laws or restrictions, which could affect the value of the Notes. The foreign securities tracked by the Index may have less liquidity and could be more volatile than many of the securities traded in U.S. or other longer-established securities markets. Direct or indirect government intervention to stabilize the relevant foreign securities markets, as well as cross shareholdings in foreign companies, may affect trading levels or prices and volumes in those markets. The other special risks associated with foreign securities may include, but are not limited to: less liquidity and smaller market capitalizations; less rigorous regulation of securities markets; governmental interference; currency fluctuations; higher inflation; and social, economic and political uncertainties. Also, there is generally less publicly available information about foreign companies than about U.S. companies that are subject to the reporting requirements of the SEC, and foreign companies are subject to

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accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and requirements different from those applicable to U.S. reporting companies. These factors may adversely affect the performance of the Index and, as a result, the value of the Notes.
·
The Payments on the Notes Will Not Be Adjusted for Changes in Exchange Rates Relative to the U.S. Dollar Even Though the Securities Comprising the Index Are Traded in Euros and the Notes Are Denominated in U.S. Dollars — Although the equity securities comprising the Index are traded in euros, and the Notes are denominated in U.S. dollars, the amount payable on the Notes at maturity, if any, will not be adjusted for changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the euro. Changes in exchange rates, however, may also reflect changes in the applicable non-U.S. economies that in turn may affect the level of the Index, and therefore the Notes. The amount we pay in respect of the Notes on the maturity date, if any, will be determined solely in accordance with the procedures described in this document.
·
Many Economic and Market Factors Will Impact the Value of the Notes — In addition to the level of the Index on any day, the value of the Notes will be affected by a number of economic and market factors that may either offset or magnify each other, including:

·
the expected volatility of the Index;

·
the time to maturity of the Notes;

·
the dividend rate on the securities included in the Index;

·
interest and yield rates in the market generally;

·
the U.S. dollar/euro exchange rate;

·
a variety of economic, financial, political, regulatory or judicial events; and

·
our creditworthiness, including actual or anticipated downgrades in our credit ratings.
·
The Estimated Initial Value of the Notes Will Be Less than the Price to the Public — The estimated initial value that will be set forth in the final pricing supplement for the Notes does not represent a minimum price at which we, RBCCM or any of our affiliates would be willing to purchase the Notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. If you attempt to sell the Notes prior to maturity, their market value may be lower than the price you paid for them and the estimated initial value. This is due to, among other things, changes in the level of the Index, the borrowing rate we pay to issue securities of this kind, and the inclusion in the price to the public of the underwriting discount and the costs relating to our hedging of the Notes. These factors, together with various credit, market and economic factors over the term of the Notes, are expected to reduce the price at which you may be able to sell the Notes in any secondary market and will affect the value of the Notes in complex and unpredictable ways. Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which you may be able to sell your Notes prior to maturity may be less than your original purchase price. The Notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your Notes to maturity.
·
The Estimated Initial Value of the Notes That We Will Provide in the Final Pricing Supplement Will Be an Estimate Only, Calculated as of the Pricing Date — The value of the Notes at any time after the pricing date will vary based on many factors, including changes in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy. As a result, the actual value you would receive if you sold the Notes in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from the estimated initial value of your Notes.
·
We and Our Affiliates May Have Adverse Economic Interests to the Holders of the Notes — We, RBCCM and our other respective affiliates trade the securities represented by the Index, and other financial instruments related to the Index, on a regular basis, for their accounts and for other accounts under our or their management. We, RBCCM and our other affiliates may also issue or underwrite or assist unaffiliated entities in the issuance or underwriting of other securities or financial instruments that relate to the Index. To the extent that we or any of our affiliates serves as issuer, agent or underwriter for such securities or financial instruments, our or their interests with respect to such products may be adverse to those of the holders of the Notes. Any of these trading activities could potentially affect the performance of the Index and, accordingly, could affect the value of the Notes, and the amounts, if any, payable on the Notes.
We or our affiliates may currently or from time to time engage in business with the issuers of the securities represented by the Index, including extending loans to, or making equity investments in, or providing advisory services to them, including merger and acquisition advisory services. In the course of this business, we or our

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affiliates may acquire non-public information about these companies, and we will not disclose any such information to you. None of us or our affiliates makes any representation or warranty to any purchaser of the Notes with respect to any matters whatsoever relating to our business with the issuer of any security included in the Index or future price movements of any such security.
Additionally, we or our affiliates may serve as issuer, agent or underwriter for additional issuances of securities with returns linked or related to changes in the level the Index. By introducing competing products into the marketplace in this manner, we could adversely affect the value of the Notes.
We may hedge our obligations under the Notes through certain affiliates, who would expect to make a profit on such hedge. We or our affiliates may adjust these hedges by, among other things, purchasing or selling those assets at any time, including around the time of the valuation dates, which could have an impact on the return of the Notes. Because hedging our obligations entails risk and may be influenced by market forces beyond our or our affiliates' control, such hedging may result in a profit that is more or less than expected, or it may result in a loss.
·
Inconsistent Research — Royal Bank or its affiliates may issue research reports on securities that are, or may become, components of the Index. We may also publish research from time to time on financial markets and other matters that may influence the levels of the Index or the value of the Notes, or express opinions or provide recommendations that may be inconsistent with the purchasing or holding the Notes or with the investment view implicit in the Notes or the Index. You should make your own independent investigation of the merits of investing in the Notes and the Index
·
Market Disruption Events or Unavailability of the Level of the Index and Adjustments — The payment at maturity, the valuation dates and the Reference Asset are subject to adjustment as described in the product prospectus supplement. For a description of what constitutes a market disruption event as well as the consequences of that market disruption event and the unavailability of the level of the Index on the valuation dates, see “General Terms of the Notes—Unavailability of the Level of the Reference Asset” and “—Market Disruption Events” in the product prospectus supplement.

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Historical Information
The following graph sets forth the historical performance of the Index from January 1, 2012 to August 27, 2018.
We obtained the Index closing levels below from Bloomberg L.P. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information obtained from Bloomberg L.P. The historical levels of the Index should not be taken as an indication of future performance, and no assurance can be given as to the closing level of the Index on the valuation dates. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of the Index will result in the return of any of your initial investment.
PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

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We have derived all information contained in this document regarding the Index, including, without limitation, its make up, method of calculation, and changes in its components, from publicly available sources. The information reflects the policies of, and is subject to change by, the index sponsor. The index sponsor, which owns the copyright and all other rights to the Index, has no obligation to continue to publish, and may discontinue publication of, the Index. The consequences of an index sponsor discontinuing publication of the Index are discussed below under the heading “General Terms of the Notes — Discontinuation of an Index; Alteration of Method of Calculation.” Neither we nor RBCCM accepts any responsibility for the calculation, maintenance or publication of the Index or any successor index.
The Index was created by STOXX Limited, which is owned by Deutsche Börse AG. Publication of the Index began on June 15, 1998, based on an initial index value of 100 at December 31, 1991. The Index is reported daily on the Bloomberg Professional® service under the symbol “SX5E” and on the STOXX Limited website. Information contained in the STOXX Limited website is not incorporated by reference in, and should not be considered a part of, this document.
Index Composition and Maintenance
The Index is composed of 50 component stocks of market sector leaders from within the 19 EURO STOXX® Supersector indices, which represent the Eurozone portion of the STOXX Europe 600® Supersector indices.
The composition of the Index is reviewed annually, based on the closing stock data on the last trading day in August. The component stocks are announced on the first trading day in September. Changes to the component stocks are implemented on the third Friday in September and are effective the following trading day. Changes in the composition of the Index are made to ensure that the Index includes the 50 market sector leaders from within the Index.
The free float factors for each component stock used to calculate the Index, as described below, are reviewed, calculated, and implemented on a quarterly basis and are fixed until the next quarterly review.
The Index is also reviewed on an ongoing monthly basis. Corporate actions (including initial public offerings, mergers and takeovers, spin-offs, delistings, and bankruptcy) that affect the Index composition are announced immediately, implemented two trading days later and become effective on the next trading day after implementation.
Index Calculation
The Index is calculated with the “Laspeyres formula,” which measures the aggregate price changes in the component stocks against a fixed base quantity weight. The formula for calculating the Index value can be expressed as follows:
Index =
Free float market capitalization of the divisor of the Index
  
Divisor
The “free float market capitalization of the Index” is equal to the sum of the products of the price, the number of shares, the free float factor and the weighting cap factor for each component stock as of the time the Index is being calculated.
The Index is also subject to a divisor, which is adjusted to maintain the continuity of the Index values across changes due to corporate actions, such as the deletion and addition of stocks, the substitution of stocks, stock dividends, and stock splits.

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Supplemental Plan of Distribution
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC and its affiliates will act as placement agents for the Notes and will receive a fee from the Issuer that will not exceed $12.50 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes, but will forgo any fees for sales to certain fiduciary accounts.
We expect that delivery of the Notes will be made against payment for the Notes on or about September 6, 2018, which is the third (3rd) business day following the pricing date (this settlement cycle being referred to as “T+3”). Under Rule 15c6-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days, unless the parties to any such trade expressly agree otherwise. Accordingly, purchasers who wish to trade the Notes on any date prior to two business days before delivery will be required, by virtue of the fact that the Notes will settle in three business days (T+3), to specify alternative settlement arrangements to prevent a failed settlement.
In addition, RBCCM or another of its affiliates or agents may use this document in market-making transactions after the initial sale of the Notes, but is under no obligation to do so and may discontinue any market-making activities at any time without notice.
The value of the Notes shown on your account statement will be based on RBCCM’s estimate of the value of the Notes if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Notes (which it is not obligated to do). That estimate will be based upon the price that RBCCM may pay for the Notes in light of then prevailing market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately six (6) months after the issue date of the Notes, the price shown on your account statement may initially be higher than RBCCM’s estimated value of the Notes. This is because the estimated value of the Notes will reflect the reduction of the underwriting discount and our hedging costs and profits; however, the value of the Notes shown on your account statement during that period is expected to be a higher amount, reflecting the amortization of RBCCM’s underwriting discount and our estimated profit from hedging the Notes. After this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Notes, it expects to do so at prices that reflect its estimated value.
The Notes are our debt securities, the return on which is linked to the performance of the Index. As is the case for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Notes reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness at the time of pricing. In addition, because structured notes result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow the funds under these Notes at a rate that is more favorable to us than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt security of comparable maturity. This relatively lower implied borrowing rate, which is reflected in the economic terms of the Notes, along with the fees and expenses associated with structured notes, typically reduces the estimated initial value of the Notes at the time the terms of the Notes are set.
In order to satisfy our payment obligations under the Notes, we may choose to enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives) on the issue date with RBCCM or one of our other subsidiaries. The terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of factors, including our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, the volatility of the Index, and the tenor of the Notes. The economic terms of the Notes depend in part on the terms of these hedging arrangements.
The lower implied borrowing rate, the underwriting commission and the hedging-related costs relating to the Notes reduce the economic terms of the Notes to you and result in the estimated initial value for the Notes (estimated at the time the terms of the Notes are set) being less than their public offering price. See “Selected Risk Considerations—The Estimated Initial Value of the Notes Will Be Less than the Price to the Public” above.
No Prospectus (as defined in Directive 2003/71/EC (as amended, the “Prospectus Directive”)) will be prepared in connection with these Notes. Accordingly, these Notes may not be offered to the public in any member state of the European Economic Area (the “EEA”), and any purchaser of these Notes who subsequently sells any of these Notes in any EEA member state must do so only in accordance with the requirements of the Prospectus Directive, as implemented in that member state.
The Notes are not intended to be offered, sold or otherwise made available to, and should not be offered, sold or otherwise made available to, any retail investor in the EEA. For these purposes, the expression “offer" includes the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the Notes to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe the Notes, and a “retail investor” means a person who is one (or more) of: (a) a retail client, as defined in point (11) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2014/65/EU (as amended, “MiFID II”); or (b) a customer, within the meaning of Insurance Distribution Directive 2016/97/EU, as amended, where that customer would not qualify as a professional client as defined in point (10) of Article 4(1) of

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MiFID II; or (c) not a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive. Consequently, no key information document required by Regulation (EU) No 1286/2014 (as amended, the “PRIIPs Regulation”) for offering or selling the Notes or otherwise making them available to retail investors in the EEA has been prepared, and therefore, offering or selling the Notes or otherwise making them available to any retail investor in the EEA may be unlawful under the PRIIPs Regulation.

FWP-10
U.S. Federal Tax Consequences
The following disclosure supplements, and to the extent inconsistent supersedes, the discussion in the product prospectus supplement dated January 12, 2016 under “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.” The discussions below and in the accompanying product prospectus supplement do not address the tax consequences applicable to holders subject to Section 451(b) of the Code.
In the opinion of our counsel, Morrison & Foerster LLP, it would generally be reasonable to treat a Note with terms described herein as a pre-paid cash-settled derivative contract in respect of the Reference Asset for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the terms of the Notes require a holder and us (in the absence of a change in law or an administrative or judicial ruling to the contrary) to treat the Notes for all tax purposes in accordance with such characterization. However, the U.S. federal income tax consequences of your investment in the Notes are uncertain and the IRS could assert that the Notes should be taxed in a manner that is different from that described in the preceding sentence.
Under Section 871(m) of the Code, a “dividend equivalent” payment is treated as a dividend from sources within the United States. Such payments generally would be subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax if paid to a non-U.S. holder. Under U.S. Treasury Department regulations, payments (including deemed payments) with respect to equity-linked instruments (“ELIs”) that are “specified ELIs” may be treated as dividend equivalents if such specified ELIs reference an interest in an “underlying security,” which is generally any interest in an entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if a payment with respect to such interest could give rise to a U.S. source dividend. However, the IRS has issued guidance that states that the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS intend to amend the effective dates of the U.S. Treasury Department regulations to provide that withholding on dividend equivalent payments will not apply to specified ELIs that are not delta-one instruments and that are issued before January 1, 2019. Based on our determination that the Notes are not delta-one instruments, non-U.S. holders should not be subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments, if any, under the Notes. However, it is possible that the Notes could be treated as deemed reissued for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the occurrence of certain events affecting the Reference Asset or the Notes (for example, upon a Reference Asset rebalancing), and following such occurrence the Notes could be treated as subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments. Non-U.S. holders that enter, or have entered, into other transactions in respect of the Reference Asset or the Notes should consult their tax advisors as to the application of the dividend equivalent withholding tax in the context of the Notes and their other transactions. If any payments are treated as dividend equivalents subject to withholding, we (or the applicable withholding agent) would be entitled to withhold taxes without being required to pay any additional amounts with respect to amounts so withheld.
FWP-11