Trigger Autocallable Contingent Yield Notes (the “Notes”) are unsecured and unsubordinated debt securities issued by Royal Bank of Canada linked to the performance of the least performing of the iShares^® MSCI EAFE ETF and the iShares^® Russell 2000 ETF (each, an “Underlying,” and, together, the “Underlyings”).  We will pay a quarterly Contingent Coupon payment if the closing prices of both Underlyings on the applicable Coupon Observation Date are equal to or greater than their respective Coupon Barriers. Otherwise, no coupon will be paid for that quarter.  We will automatically call the Notes early if the closing prices of both Underlyings on any quarterly Call Observation Date (beginning after one year) are equal to or greater than their respective Initial Prices. If the Notes are called, we will pay you the principal amount of your Notes plus the Contingent Coupon for the applicable quarter, and no further amounts will be owed to you under the Notes. If the Notes are not called prior to maturity and the Final Prices of both Underlyings are equal to or greater than their respective Downside Thresholds (which are the same prices as their respective Coupon Barriers), we will pay you a cash payment at maturity equal to the principal amount of your Notes plus the Contingent Coupon for the final quarter. However, if the Final Price of the Underlying with the lowest percentage change from its Initial Price (the “Least Performing Underlying”) is less than its Downside Threshold, we will pay you less than the full principal amount, if anything, resulting in a loss on your initial investment that is proportionate to the negative performance of the Least Performing Underlying over the term of the Notes, and you may lose up to 100% of your initial investment.

Investing in the Notes involves significant risks. You will not receive a coupon for any Coupon Observation Date on which either Underlying closes below its Coupon Barrier. The Notes will not be automatically called if either Underlying closes below its Initial Price on a quarterly Call Observation Date. You may lose some or all of your principal amount if the Least Performing Underlying closes below its Downside Threshold, regardless of the performance of the other Underlying. The contingent repayment of principal only applies if you hold the Notes until maturity. Generally, the higher the Contingent Coupon Rate on a security, the greater the risk of loss. Any payment on the Notes, including any repayment of principal, is subject to our creditworthiness. If we were to default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the Notes and you could lose your entire investment. The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.

Non-U.S. holders will not be subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments under Section 871(m) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Please see the section below, “U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences,” which applies to the Notes.

NOTICE TO INVESTORS: THE NOTES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY RISKIER THAN CONVENTIONAL DEBT INSTRUMENTS. THE ISSUER IS NOT NECESSARILY OBLIGATED TO REPAY THE FULL PRINCIPAL AMOUNT OF THE NOTES AT MATURITY, AND THE NOTES CAN HAVE DOWNSIDE MARKET RISK SIMILAR TO THE LEAST PERFORMING UNDERLYING. THIS MARKET RISK IS IN ADDITION TO THE CREDIT RISK INHERENT IN PURCHASING A DEBT OBLIGATION OF ROYAL BANK OF CANADA.  YOU SHOULD NOT PURCHASE THE NOTES IF YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND OR ARE NOT COMFORTABLE WITH THE SIGNIFICANT RISKS INVOLVED IN INVESTING IN THE NOTES.

YOU SHOULD CAREFULLY CONSIDER THE RISKS DESCRIBED UNDER ‘‘KEY RISKS’’ BEGINNING ON PAGE 7, THE RISKS DESCRIBED UNDER “RISK FACTORS” BEGINNING ON PAGE PS-5 OF THE PRODUCT PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT NO. UBS-TPAOS-2 AND UNDER ‘‘RISK FACTORS’’ BEGINNING ON PAGE S-1 OF THE PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT BEFORE PURCHASING ANY NOTES. EVENTS RELATING TO ANY OF THOSE RISKS, OR OTHER RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES, COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT THE MARKET VALUE OF, AND THE RETURN ON, YOUR NOTES. YOU MAY LOSE SOME OR ALL OF YOUR INITIAL INVESTMENT IN THE NOTES.

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You should read this pricing supplement together with the prospectus dated January 8, 2016, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated January 8, 2016, relating to our Series G medium-term notes of which these Notes are a part, and the more detailed information contained in product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2 dated January 20, 2016.  This pricing supplement, together with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the Notes and supersedes all other prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of ours.  You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in “Risk Factors” in the accompanying product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2, as the Notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities.

If the terms discussed in this pricing supplement differ from those discussed in the product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2, the prospectus supplement, or the prospectus, the terms discussed herein will control. Please note in particular that several defined terms in the product prospectus supplement are replaced in this document with different terms:

You may access these on the SEC website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by reviewing our filing for the relevant date on the SEC website):

As used in this pricing supplement, “we,” “us” or “our” refers to Royal Bank of Canada.

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Final Terms of the Notes1
Issuer:	Royal Bank of Canada
Issue Price per Note:	$10 per Note
Principal Amount per Note:	$10 per Note
Term:	Approximately three years, if not previously called
Underlying:	The iShares® MSCI EAFE ETF (“EFA”) and the iShares® Russell 2000 ETF (“IWM”) (each, an “Underlying”)
Closing Price:	With respect to each Underlying, on any trading day, the last reported sale price on the principal national securities exchange in the U.S. on which it is listed for trading, as determined by the calculation agent.
Initial Price:	With respect to each Underlying, its closing price on April 20, 2017, as set forth on the cover page.
Final Price:	With respect to each Underlying, its closing price on the Final Valuation Date.
Contingent Coupon:	If the closing prices of both Underlyings are equal to or greater than their respective Coupon Barriers on any Coupon Observation Date, we will pay you the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Coupon Observation Date. If the closing price of either Underlying is less than its Coupon Barrier on any Coupon Observation Date, the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Coupon Observation Date will not accrue or be payable, and we will not make any payment to you on the relevant Contingent Coupon Payment Date. The Contingent Coupon will be a fixed amount based upon equal quarterly installments at the Contingent Coupon Rate, which is a per annum rate of 7.00%, or $0.175 per quarter for each $10 Note.
Contingent Coupon payments on the Notes are not guaranteed. We will not pay you the Contingent Coupon for any Coupon Observation Date on which the closing price of either Underlying is less than its Coupon Barrier.
Contingent Coupon Rate:	7.00% per annum (or 1.75% per quarter)
Coupon Barrier:	With respect to each Underlying, 70.90% of its Initial Price, as set forth on the cover page (as may be adjusted in the case of certain adjustment events as described under “General Terms of the Securities — Anti-dilution Adjustments” in the product prospectus supplement). The Coupon Barrier equals the Downside Threshold.
Downside Threshold:	With respect to each Underlying, 70.90% of its Initial Price, as set forth on the cover page (as may be adjusted in the case of certain adjustment events as described under “General Terms of the Securities — Anti-dilution Adjustments” in the product prospectus supplement). The Downside Threshold equals the Coupon Barrier.

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Automatic Call Feature:	The Notes will be called automatically if the closing prices of both Underlyings on any Call Observation Date (beginning after one year and set forth on page 6) are greater than or equal to their respective Initial Prices. If the Notes are called, we will pay you on the corresponding coupon payment date (which will be the “Call Settlement Date”) a cash payment per Note equal to the principal amount per Note plus the applicable Contingent Coupon payment otherwise due on that day (the “Call Settlement Amount”). No further amounts will be owed to you under the Notes.
Payment at Maturity:	If the Notes are not called and the Final Prices of both Underlyings are equal to or greater than their respective Downside Thresholds and the Coupon Barriers, we will pay you a cash payment per Note on the maturity date equal to $10 plus the Contingent Coupon otherwise due on the maturity date. If the Notes are not called and the Final Price of the Least Performing Underlying is less than its Downside Threshold, we will pay you a cash payment on the maturity date of less than the principal amount, if anything, resulting in a loss on your initial investment that is proportionate to the negative Underlying Return of the Least Performing Underlying, equal to: $10.00 + ($10.00 × Underlying Return of the Least Performing Underlying)
Least Performing Underlying:	The Underlying with the lowest Underlying Return.
Underlying Return:	With respect to each Underlying, Final Price – Initial Price Initial Price

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Investment Timeline
	April 20, 2017		The Initial Price, Downside Threshold and Coupon Barrier of each Underlying were determined.
	Quarterly:		If the closing prices of both Underlyings are equal to or greater than their respective Coupon Barriers on any Coupon Observation Date, we will pay you a Contingent Coupon payment on the applicable coupon payment date. The Notes will be called if the closing prices of both Underlyings on any Call Observation Date (beginning after one year) is equal to or greater than their respective Initial Prices. If the Notes are called, we will pay you a cash payment per Note equal to $10 plus the Contingent Coupon otherwise due on that date.
	Maturity Date:		The Final Price of each Underlying is observed on the Final Valuation Date. If the Notes have not been called and the Final Prices of both Underlyings are equal to or greater than their respective Downside Thresholds (and their respective Coupon Barriers), we will repay the principal amount equal to $10 per Note plus the Contingent Coupon otherwise due on the maturity date. If the Notes have not been called and the Final Price of the Least Performing Underlying is less than its Downside Threshold, we will repay less than the principal amount, if anything, resulting in a loss on your initial investment proportionate to the decline of the Least Performing Underlying, for an amount equal to: $10 + ($10 × Underlying Return of the Least Performing Underlying) per Note

 

INVESTING IN THE NOTES INVOLVES SIGNIFICANT RISKS. YOU MAY LOSE SOME OR ALL OF YOUR PRINCIPAL AMOUNT.  YOU WILL BE EXPOSED TO THE MARKET RISK OF EACH UNDERLYING ON EACH COUPON OBSERVATION DATE AND ON THE FINAL VALUATION DATE, AND ANY DECLINE IN THE PRICE OF ONE UNDERLYING MAY NEGATIVELY AFFECT YOUR RETURN AND WILL NOT BE OFFSET OR MITIGATED BY A LESSER DECLINE OR ANY POTENTIAL INCREASE IN THE PRICE OF THE OTHER UNDERLYING. ANY PAYMENT ON THE NOTES, INCLUDING ANY REPAYMENT OF PRINCIPAL, IS SUBJECT TO OUR CREDITWORTHINESS.  IF WE WERE TO DEFAULT ON ITS PAYMENT OBLIGATIONS, YOU MAY NOT RECEIVE ANY AMOUNTS OWED TO YOU UNDER THE NOTES AND YOU COULD LOSE YOUR ENTIRE INVESTMENT.

 

(1)

These Coupon Observation Dates are also Call Observation Dates.

(2)

These Coupon Payment Dates are also Call Settlement Dates.

(3)

This is also the Final Valuation Date.

(4)

This is also the maturity date.

* Expected. Subject to the postponement if a market disruption occurs, as described under “General Terms of the Securities — Payment at Maturity” in the accompanying product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2.

 

An investment in the Notes involves significant risks. Investing in the Notes is not equivalent to investing directly in the Underlyings or the securities held by the Underlyings. These risks are explained in more detail in the “Risk Factors” section of the accompanying product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2. We also urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisors before investing in the Notes.

Risks Relating to the Notes Generally

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Risk of Loss at Maturity — The Notes differ from ordinary debt securities in that we will not necessarily repay the full principal amount of the Notes at maturity. If the Notes are not called, we will repay you the principal amount of your Notes in cash only if the Final Price of each Underlying is greater than or equal to its Downside Threshold, and we will only make that payment at maturity.  If the Notes are not called and the Final Price of the Least Performing Underlying is less than its Downside Threshold, you will lose some or all of your initial investment in an amount proportionate to the decline in the price of the Least Performing Underlying.

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The Contingent Repayment of Principal Applies Only at Maturity — If the Notes are not automatically called, you should be willing to hold your Notes to maturity.  If you are able to sell your Notes prior to maturity in the secondary market, if any, you may have to do so at a loss relative to your initial investment, even if the prices of both Underlyings are above their respective Downside Thresholds.

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You May Not Receive any Contingent Coupons — Royal Bank of Canada will not necessarily make periodic Contingent Coupon payments on the Notes.  If the closing prices of both Underlyings on a Coupon Observation Date are less than their respective Coupon Barriers, we will not pay you the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Coupon Observation Date. If the closing prices of both Underlyings are less than their respective Coupon Barriers on each of the Coupon Observation Dates, we will not pay you any Contingent Coupons during the term of, and you will not receive a positive return on, your Notes. Generally, this non-payment of the Contingent Coupon coincides with a period of greater risk of principal loss on your Notes. Accordingly, if we do not pay the Contingent Coupon on the maturity date, you will incur a loss of principal, because the Final Price of the Least Performing Underlying will be less than its Downside Threshold.

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The Call Feature and the Contingent Coupon Feature Limit Your Potential Return — The return potential of the Notes is limited to the pre-specified Contingent Coupon Rate, regardless of the appreciation of the Underlyings. In addition, the total return on the Notes will vary based on the number of Call Observation Dates on which the Contingent Coupon becomes payable prior to maturity or an automatic call.  Further, if the Notes are called due to the automatic call feature, you will not receive any Contingent Coupons or any other payment in respect of any Call Observation Dates after the applicable Call Settlement Date. Since the Notes could be called as early as the first Call Observation Date, the total return on the Notes could be limited to one year.  If the Notes are not called, you may be subject to the full downside performance of the Least Performing Underlying, even though your potential return is limited to the Contingent Coupon Rate. Generally, the longer the Notes are outstanding, the less likely it is that they will be automatically called due to the decline in the prices of the Underlyings and the shorter time remaining for the prices of the Underlyings to recover. As a result, the return on an investment in the Notes could be less than the return on a direct investment in the Underlyings or on a similar security that allows you to participate in the appreciation of the prices of the Underlyings.

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The Contingent Coupon Rate Per Annum Payable on the Notes Will Reflect in Part the Volatility of the Underlyings, and May Not Be Sufficient to Compensate You for the Risk of Loss at Maturity — "Volatility” refers to the frequency and magnitude of changes in the prices of the Underlyings. The greater the volatility of the Underlyings, the more likely it is that the price of either Underlying could close below its Downside Threshold on the Final Valuation Date. This risk will generally be reflected in a higher Contingent Coupon Rate for the Notes than the rate payable on our conventional debt securities with a comparable term. However, while the Contingent Coupon Rate was set on the trade date, the Underlyings’ volatility can change significantly over the term of the Notes, and may increase. The prices of one or both of the Underlyings could fall sharply as of the Final Valuation Date, which could result in a significant loss of your principal.

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Reinvestment Risk — The Notes will be called automatically if the closing prices of both Underlyings are equal to or greater than their respective Initial Prices on any Call Observation Date. In the event that the Notes are called prior to maturity, there is no guarantee that you will be able to reinvest the proceeds from an investment in the Notes at a comparable rate of return for a similar level of risk. To the extent you are able to reinvest your proceeds in an investment comparable to the Notes, you will incur transaction costs and the original issue price for such an investment is likely to include certain built in costs such as dealer discounts and hedging costs.

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The Notes Are Subject to Our Credit Risk — The Notes are subject to our credit risk, and our credit ratings and credit spreads may adversely affect the market value of the Notes. Investors are dependent on our ability to pay all amounts due on the Notes, and therefore investors are subject to our credit risk and to changes in the market’s view of our creditworthiness. Any decline in our credit ratings or increase in the credit spreads charged by the market for taking our credit risk is likely to adversely affect the value of the Notes. If we were to default on our payment obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the Notes and you could lose your entire investment.

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The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Less than the Price to the Public — The initial estimated value for the Notes that is set forth on the cover page of this document, which is less than the public offering price you pay for the Notes, does not represent a minimum price at which we, RBCCM or any of our other affiliates would be willing to purchase the Notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. If you attempt to sell the Notes prior to maturity, their market value may be lower than the price you paid for them and the initial estimated value.  This is due to, among other things, changes in the prices of the Underlyings, the borrowing rate we pay to issue securities of this kind, and the inclusion in the price to public of the underwriting discount, and our estimated profit and the costs relating to our hedging of the Notes.  These factors, together with various credit, market and economic factors over the term of the Notes, are expected to reduce the price at which you may be able to sell the Notes in any secondary market and will affect the value of the Notes in complex and unpredictable ways.  Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which you may be able to sell your Notes prior to maturity may be less than the price to public, as any such sale price would not be expected to include the underwriting discount and our estimated profit and the costs relating to our hedging of the Notes. In addition, any price at which you may sell the Notes is likely to reflect customary bid-ask spreads for similar trades. In addition to bid-ask spreads, the value of the Notes determined for any secondary market price is expected to be based on a secondary market rate rather than the internal borrowing rate used to price the Notes and determine the initial estimated value.  As a result, the secondary market price will be less than if the internal borrowing rate was used.  The Notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments.  Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your Notes to maturity.

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Our Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is an Estimate Only, Calculated as of the Time the Terms of the Notes Are Set — The initial estimated value of the Notes is based on the value of our obligation to make the payments on the Notes, together with the mid-market value of the derivative embedded in the terms of the Notes.  See “Structuring the Notes” below.  Our estimate is based on a variety of assumptions, including our credit spreads, expectations as to dividends, interest rates and volatility, and the expected term of the Notes.  These assumptions

 

are based on certain forecasts about future events, which may prove to be incorrect.  Other entities may value the Notes or similar securities at a price that is significantly different than we do.

The value of the Notes at any time after the trade date will vary based on many factors, including changes in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy.  As a result, the actual value you would receive if you sold the Notes in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from the initial estimated value of your Notes and the amount that may be paid at maturity.

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Owning the Notes Is Not the Same as Owning an Underlying or the Stocks Comprising an Underlying’s Underlying Index — The return on your Notes may not reflect the return you would realize if you actually owned an Underlying or stocks included in an Underlying’s underlying index. As a holder of the Notes, you will not have voting rights or rights to receive dividends or other distributions or other rights that holders of an Underlying or these stocks would have, and any such dividends will not be incorporated in the determination of the Underlying Return for either Underlying.

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You Will Not Have Any Shareholder Rights and Will Have No Right to Receive Any Shares of the Underlyings at Maturity — Investing in the Notes will not make you a holder of any shares of the Underlyings or any securities held by the Underlyings.  Neither you nor any other holder or owner of the Notes will have any voting rights, any right to receive dividends or other distributions, or any other rights with respect to the Underlyings or such other securities.

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Changes That Affect the Underlying Indices Will Affect the Market Value of the Notes and the Amount You Will Receive at Maturity — The policies of the index sponsors concerning the calculation of the underlying indices, additions, deletions or substitutions of the components of the underlying indices and the manner in which changes affecting those components, such as stock dividends, reorganizations or mergers, may be reflected in the underlying indices and, therefore, could affect the share prices of the Underlyings, the amount payable on the Notes, and the market value of the Notes prior to maturity. The amount payable on the Notes and their market value could also be affected if an index sponsor changes these policies, for example, by changing the manner in which it calculates the applicable underlying index, or if an index sponsor discontinues or suspends the calculation or publication of the applicable underlying index.

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We Have No Affiliation with Any Index Sponsor and Will Not Be Responsible for Its Actions — The index sponsors are not affiliates of ours and will not be involved in the offering of the Notes in any way. Consequently, we have no control over the actions of the index sponsors, including any actions of the type that would require the calculation agent to adjust the payment to you at maturity. The index sponsors have no obligation of any sort with respect to the Notes. Thus, the index sponsors have no obligation to take your interests into consideration for any reason, including in taking any actions that might affect the value of the Notes. None of our proceeds from the issuance of the Notes will be delivered to the index sponsors.

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Adjustments to an Underlying Could Adversely Affect the Notes — Blackrock, Inc. (“Blackrock”), in its role as the sponsor of the Underlyings, is responsible for calculating and maintaining the Underlyings. Blackrock can add, delete or substitute the stocks comprising the Underlyings or make other methodological changes that could change the share prices of the Underlyings at any time.  If one or more of these events occurs, the calculation of the amount payable at maturity may be adjusted to reflect such event or events. Consequently, any of these actions could adversely affect the amounts payable on the Notes and/or the market value of the Notes.

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We and Our Affiliates Do Not Have Any Affiliation With the Investment Advisor of the Underlyings and Are Not Responsible for Its Public Disclosure of Information — We and our affiliates are not affiliated with Blackrock in any way and have no ability to control or predict its actions, including any errors in or discontinuance of disclosure regarding its methods or policies relating to the Underlyings. Blackrock is not involved in the offering of the Notes in any way and has no obligation to consider your interests as an owner of the Notes in taking any actions relating to the Underlyings that might affect the value of the Notes.  Neither we nor any of our affiliates has independently verified the adequacy or accuracy of the information about Blackrock or the Underlyings contained in any public disclosure of information.  You, as an investor in the Notes, should make your own investigation into the Underlyings.

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The Correlation Between the Performance of Each Underlying and the Performance of its Respective Underlying Index May Be Imperfect — The performance of an Underlying is linked principally to the performance of its underlying index. However, because of the potential discrepancies identified in more detail in the product prospectus supplement, the return on each Underlying may correlate imperfectly with the return on its underlying index. Further, the performance of an Underlying may not exactly replicate the performance of its underlying index, because an Underlying will reflect transaction costs and fees that are not included in the calculation of its underlying index.

During periods of market volatility, securities underlying an Underlying may be unavailable in the secondary market, market participants may be unable to calculate accurately the net asset value per share of an Underlying and the liquidity of an Underlying may be adversely affected. This kind of market volatility may also disrupt the ability of market participants to create and redeem shares of an Underlying. Further, market volatility may adversely affect, sometimes materially, the prices at which market participants are willing to buy and sell shares of an Underlying. As a result, under these circumstances, the market value of shares of an Underlying may vary substantially from the net asset value per share of that Underlying. For all of the foregoing reasons, the performance of an Underlying may not correlate with the performance of its underlying index as well as its net asset value per share, which could materially and adversely affect the value of the Notes in the secondary market and/or reduce your payment at maturity.

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Historical Prices of any Underlying Should Not Be Taken as an Indication of its Future Price During the Term of the Notes — The trading prices of the Underlyings will determine the value of the Notes at any given time. As it is impossible to predict whether the price of any Underlying will rise or fall, and trading prices of the common stocks held by the Underlyings will be influenced by complex and interrelated political, economic, financial and other factors that can affect the issuers of those stocks, and therefore, the value of the Underlyings.

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Management Risk — The Underlyings are not managed according to traditional methods of ‘‘active’’ investment management, which involve the buying and selling of securities based on economic, financial and market analysis and investment judgment. Instead, these Underlyings, utilizing a ‘‘passive’’ or indexing investment approach, attempt to approximate the investment performance of its respective underlying index by investing in a portfolio of securities that generally replicate its underlying index. Therefore, unless a specific security is removed from its underlying index, these Underlyings generally would not sell a security because the security’s issuer was in financial trouble. In addition, the Underlyings are subject to the risk that the investment strategy of their respective investment advisors may not produce the intended results.

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Your Return on the Notes Is Not Linked to a Basket Consisting of the Underlyings. Rather, It Will Be Contingent Upon the Performance of Each Individual Underlying. Unlike an instrument with a return linked to a basket of Underlyings or other underlying assets, in which risk is mitigated and diversified among all of the components of the basket, you will be exposed equally to the risks related to both of the Underlyings. Poor performance by either one of the Underlyings over the term of the Notes may negatively affect your return and will not be offset or mitigated by a positive performance by the other Underlying. For the Notes to be automatically called or to receive any Contingent

 

Coupon payment or contingent repayment of principal at maturity from us, both Underlyings must close above their Initial Prices, Coupon Barriers and Downside Thresholds, respectively, on the applicable Coupon Observation Date. In addition, if not called prior to maturity, you may incur a loss proportionate to the negative return of the Least Performing Underlying. Accordingly, your investment is subject to the market risk of each Underlying, which results in a higher risk of your not receiving Contingent Coupon payments and incurring a loss at maturity.

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Because the Notes Are Linked to the Individual Performance of More than One Underlying, It Is More Likely that One of the Underlyings Will Decrease in Value Below its Coupon Barrier and its Downside Threshold, Increasing the Probability That You Will Not Receive the Contingent Coupons and that You Will Lose Some or All of Your Initial Investment. The risk that you will not receive the Contingent Coupons and that you will lose some or all of your initial investment in the Notes is greater if you invest in the Notes as opposed to securities that are linked to the performance of a single Underlying if their terms are otherwise substantially similar. With a greater total number of Underlyings, it is more likely that an Underlying will be below its Coupon Barrier or Downside Threshold on a Coupon Observation Date or the Final Valuation Date, and therefore it is more likely that you will not receive the Contingent Coupons and that at maturity you will receive an amount in cash which is worth less than your principal amount. In addition, the performances of a pair of Underlyings may be positively or negatively correlated, or may not be correlated at all. If the Underlyings are not correlated to each other or are negatively correlated, there is a greater potential for one of those Underlyings to close below its Coupon Barrier or Downside Threshold or on the Final Valuation Date, respectively, and therefore the risk of missing a Contingent Coupon payment and that you will lose a portion of your principal at maturity.

It is impossible to predict what the correlations between the Underlyings will be over the term of the Notes. The Underlyings represent different equity markets and these different equity markets may not perform similarly over the term of the Notes. Although the correlation of the Underlyings' performance may change over the term of the Notes, the Contingent Coupon Rate is determined, in part, based on the Underlyings' performance calculated using our internal models at the time when the terms of the Notes are determined. As stated earlier, a higher Contingent Coupon Rate is generally associated with lower correlation of the Underlyings, which reflects a greater potential for missed Contingent Coupons and for a loss on your investment at maturity. See “Correlation of the Underlyings” below.

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Risks Associated with Foreign Securities Markets — Because foreign companies or foreign equity securities held by the EFA are publicly traded in the applicable foreign countries and trade in currencies other than U.S. dollars, investments in the Notes involve particular risks. For example, the foreign securities markets may be more volatile than the U.S. securities markets, and market developments may affect these markets differently from the United States or other securities markets. Direct or indirect government intervention to stabilize the securities markets outside the United States, as well as cross-shareholdings in certain companies, may affect trading prices and trading volumes in those markets. Also, the public availability of information concerning the foreign issuers may vary depending on their home jurisdiction and the reporting requirements imposed by their respective regulators. In addition, the foreign issuers may be subject to accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards and requirements that differ from those applicable to United States reporting companies.

Securities prices generally are subject to political, economic, financial and social factors that apply to the markets in which they trade and, to a lesser extent, foreign markets. Securities prices outside the United States are subject to political, economic, financial and social factors that apply in foreign countries. These factors, which could negatively affect foreign securities markets, include the possibility of changes in a foreign government’s economic and fiscal policies, the possible imposition of, or changes in, currency exchange laws or other laws or restrictions applicable to foreign companies or investments in foreign equity securities and the possibility of fluctuations in the rate of exchange between currencies. Moreover, foreign economies may differ favorably or unfavorably from the United States economy in important respects such as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resources and self-sufficiency.

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Exchange Rate Risk — The share price of the EFA will fluctuate based in large part upon its net asset value, which will in turn depend in part upon changes in the value of the currencies in which the stocks held by the EFA are traded. Accordingly, investors in the Notes will be exposed to currency exchange rate risk with respect to each of the currencies in which the stocks held by the EFA are traded. An investor’s net exposure will depend on the extent to which these currencies strengthen or weaken against the U.S. dollar. If the dollar strengthens against these currencies, the net asset value of the EFA will be adversely affected and the price of the EFA, and consequently, the market value of the Notes may decrease.

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Risks Associated with Small-Capitalization Stocks — The IWM tracks its underlying index, which consists of stocks issued by companies with relatively small market capitalizations. These companies often have greater stock price volatility, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. As a result, the share price of the IWM may be more volatile than that of a market measure that does not track solely small-capitalization stocks. Stock prices of small-capitalization companies are also generally more vulnerable than those of large-capitalization companies to adverse business and economic developments, and the stocks of small-capitalization companies may be thinly traded, and be less attractive to many investors if they do not pay dividends. In addition, small capitalization companies are typically less well-established and less stable financially than large-capitalization companies and may depend on a small number of key personnel, making them more vulnerable to loss of those individuals. Small capitalization companies tend to have lower revenues, less diverse product lines, smaller shares of their target markets, fewer financial resources and fewer competitive strengths than large-capitalization companies. These companies may also be more susceptible to adverse developments related to their products or services.

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No Assurance that the Investment View Implicit in the Notes Will Be Successful — It is impossible to predict whether and the extent to which the prices of the Underlyings will rise or fall. The closing prices of the Underlyings will be influenced by complex and interrelated political, economic, financial and other factors that affect the Underlyings. You should be willing to accept the downside risks of owning equities in general and the Underlyings in particular, and the risk of losing some or all of your initial investment.

¨

Lack of Liquidity — The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.  RBCCM intends to offer to purchase the Notes in the secondary market, but is not required to do so.  Even if there is a secondary market, it may not provide enough liquidity to allow you to trade or sell the Notes easily.  Because other dealers are not likely to make a secondary market for the Notes, the price at which you may be able to trade your Notes is likely to depend on the price, if any, at which RBCCM is willing to buy the Notes.

¨

Potential Conflicts — We and our affiliates play a variety of roles in connection with the issuance of the Notes, including hedging our obligations under the Notes.  In performing these duties, the economic interests of the calculation agent and other affiliates of ours are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the Notes.

¨

Potentially Inconsistent Research, Opinions or Recommendations by RBCCM, UBS or Their Affiliates —  RBCCM, UBS or their affiliates may publish research, express opinions or provide recommendations as to the Underlyings that are inconsistent with investing in or holding the Notes, and which may be revised at any time. Any such research, opinions or recommendations could affect the value of the Underlyings, and therefore the market value of the Notes.

 

¨

Uncertain Tax Treatment — Significant aspects of the tax treatment of an investment in the Notes are uncertain.  You should consult your tax adviser about your tax situation.

¨

Potential Royal Bank of Canada and UBS Impact on Price — Trading or transactions by Royal Bank of Canada, UBS or our respective affiliates in one or both of the Underlyings or the securities included in an Underlying’s underlying index, or in futures, options, exchange-traded funds or other derivative products on the Underlyings or those securities may adversely affect the market value of the Underlyings or the closing prices of the Underlyings, and, therefore, the market value of the Notes.

¨

The Terms of the Notes at Issuance Were Influenced and Their Market Value Prior to Maturity Will Be Influenced by Many Unpredictable Factors —  Many economic and market factors influenced the terms of the Notes at issuance and will impact their value prior to maturity. These factors are similar in some ways to those that could affect the value of a combination of instruments that might be used to replicate the payments on the Notes, including a combination of a bond with one or more options or other derivative instruments. For the market value of the Notes, we expect that, generally, the price of the Underlyings on any day will affect the value of the Notes more than any other single factor. However, you should not expect the value of the Notes in the secondary market to vary in proportion to changes in the prices of the Underlyings. The value of the Notes will be affected by a number of economic and market factors that may either offset or magnify each other, including:

¨

the price of each Underlying;

¨

the actual and expected volatility of the price of each Underlying;

¨

the time remaining to maturity of the Notes;

¨

the dividend rates on the securities held by the Underlyings;

¨

interest and yield rates in the market generally;

¨

a variety of economic, financial, political, regulatory or judicial events;

¨

the occurrence of certain events with respect to the Underlyings that may or may not require an adjustment to the terms of the Notes; and

¨

our creditworthiness, including actual or anticipated downgrades in our credit ratings.

Some or all of these factors influenced the terms of the Notes at issuance, and will also influence the price you will receive if you choose to sell the Notes prior to maturity. The impact of any of the factors set forth above may enhance or offset some or all of any change resulting from another factor or factors. You may have to sell the Notes at a substantial discount from the principal amount if, for example, the price of one or both of the Underlyings decreases.

¨

The Anti-Dilution Protection for Each Underlying Is Limited — The calculation agent will make adjustments to the Initial Price, Downside Threshold and Coupon Barrier of each Underlying for certain events affecting the shares of the Underlyings. However, the calculation agent will not be required to make an adjustment in response to all events that could affect an Underlying. If an event occurs that does not require the calculation agent to make an adjustment, the value of the Notes may be materially and adversely affected.

 

Hypothetical terms only. Actual terms may vary. See the cover page for actual offering terms.

The following examples are hypothetical and provided for illustrative purposes only. They do not purport to be representative of every possible scenario concerning increases or decreases in the price of either Underlying relative to its Initial Price. Royal Bank of Canada cannot predict the Final Price of any Underlying. You should not take these examples as an indication or assurance of the expected performance of either Underlying. The numbers appearing in the examples and tables below have been rounded for ease of analysis. The following examples and tables illustrate the Payment at Maturity or upon an automatic call per Note on a hypothetical offering of the Notes, based on the following hypothetical assumptions (actual terms for the Notes are set forth on the cover page):

* Will not be the actual Initial Price, Coupon Barrier or Downside Threshold applicable to the Notes.  The actual Initial Price, Coupon Barrier and Downside Threshold are set forth on the cover page on this document.

** Contingent Coupon payments, if payable, will be paid in arrears in equal quarterly installments during the term of the Notes unless earlier called.

Scenario #1: Notes Are Called on the Fourth Coupon Observation Date.

Since the Notes are called on the fourth Coupon Observation Date, we will pay you on the Call Settlement Date a total of $10.175 per Note, reflecting your principal amount plus the applicable Contingent Coupon.  When added to the Contingent Coupon payments of $0.525 received in respect of the prior Coupon Observation Dates, we will have paid you a total of $10.70 per Note, for a 7.00% total return on the Notes.  No further amount will be owed to you under the Notes.

 

Scenario #2: Notes Are NOT Called and the Final Prices of Both Underlyings Are at or Above Their Respective Downside Thresholds.

At maturity, we will pay you a total of $10.175 per Note, reflecting your principal amount plus the applicable Contingent Coupon.  When added to the Contingent Coupon payment of $0.175 received in respect of a prior Coupon Observation Date, we will have paid you a total of $10.35 per Note, for a 3.50% total return on the Notes.

Scenario #3: Notes Are NOT Called and the Final Price of One Underlying Is Below its Downside Threshold

Since the Notes are not called and the Final Price of the Least Performing Underlying is below the Downside Threshold, we will pay you at maturity $5.00 per Note.  When added to the Contingent Coupon payments of $0.525 received in respect of prior Coupon Observation Dates, we will have paid you $5.525 per Note, for a loss on the Notes of 44.75%.

The Notes differ from ordinary debt securities in that, among other features, Royal Bank of Canada is not necessarily obligated to repay the full amount of your initial investment.  If the Notes are not called on any Call Observation Date, you may lose some or all of your initial investment.  Specifically, if the Notes are not called and the Final Price of one or both of the Underlyings is less than its Downside Threshold, you will lose 1% (or a fraction thereof) of your principal amount for each 1% (or a fraction thereof) that the Underlying Return of the Least Performing Underlying is less than zero.

 

Any payment on the Notes, including payments in respect of an automatic call, Contingent Coupon or any repayment of principal provided at maturity, is dependent on the ability of Royal Bank of Canada to satisfy its obligations when they come due. If Royal Bank of Canada is unable to meet its obligations, you may not receive any amounts due to you under the Notes.

 

 

We have derived the following information regarding each of the applicable Underlyings from publicly available documents. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the following information. We are not affiliated with any of the Underlyings and the Underlyings will have no obligations with respect to the Notes. This document relates only to the Notes and does not relate to the shares of any of the Underlying or any securities included in any of the underlying indices of the Underlyings. Neither we nor our affiliates participates in the preparation of the publicly available documents described below. Neither we nor our affiliates has made any due diligence inquiry with respect to any of the Underlyings in connection with the offering of any of the Notes. There can be no assurance that all events occurring prior to the date of this document, including events that would affect the accuracy or completeness of the publicly available documents described below, that would affect the trading prices of the shares of any of the Underlyings have been or will be publicly disclosed. Subsequent disclosure of any events or the disclosure of or failure to disclose material future events concerning any of the Underlyings could affect the price of the shares of the applicable Underlying after the trade date, and therefore could affect the payment at maturity.

The selection of the Underlyings relating to the Notes is not a recommendation to buy or sell the shares of any of the Underlyings. Neither we nor any of our affiliates make any representation to you as to the performance of the shares of any of the Underlyings. Information provided to or filed with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940 relating to each Underlying may be obtained through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

iShares Funds

iShares consists of numerous separate investment portfolios (the “iShares Funds”), including the iShares^® MSCI EAFE ETF (the “EFA”) and the iShares^® Russell 2000 ETF (the “IWM”). Each of the EFA and the IWM seeks investment results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of their respective underlying indices. The EFA and the IWM typically earn income from dividends from securities held by the EFA and the IWM. These amounts, net of expenses and taxes (if applicable), are passed along to shareholders of the EFA and the IWM as “ordinary income.” In addition, the EFA and the IWM realize capital gains or losses whenever they sell securities. Net long-term capital gains are distributed to their respective shareholders as “capital gain distributions.” However, because the applicable notes are linked only to the share price of the applicable Underlying, you will not be entitled to receive income, dividend, or capital gain distributions from the applicable Underlying or any equivalent payments.

“iShares^®” and “BlackRock^®” are registered trademarks of BlackRock^®.  The Notes are not sponsored, endorsed, sold, or promoted by BlackRock^®, or by any of the iShares^® Funds. Neither BlackRock^® nor the iShares^® Funds make any representations or warranties to the owners of any of the Notes or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in any of the Notes. Neither BlackRock^® nor the iShares^® Funds shall have any obligation or liability in connection with the registration, operation, marketing, trading, or sale of any of the Notes or in connection with our use of information about any of the Underlyings or any of the iShares^® Funds.

iShares^® MSCI EAFE ETF

The iShares^® MSCI EAFE ETF trades on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol “EFA.” The EFA’s investment adviser is BlackRock Fund Advisors (the “Advisor”). The Advisor employs a technique known as representative sampling to track the MSCI EAFE Index. The EFA generally invests at least 90% of its assets in the securities of the MSCI EAFE Index and in American Depositary Receipts or Global Depositary Receipts based on the securities of the MSCI EAFE Index. The EFA may invest the remainder of its assets in securities not included in the MSCI EAFE Index, but which the Advisor believes will help the EFA track the MSCI EAFE Index, or in futures contracts, options on futures contracts, other types of options and swaps related to the MSCI EAFE Index, as well as cash and cash equivalents, including shares of money market funds affiliated with the Advisor or its affiliates. The Advisor will waive portfolio management fees in an amount equal to the portfolio management fees of such other iShares funds for any portion of the EFA’s assets invested in shares of such other funds.

The MSCI EAFE Index

The information below is included only to give insight to the MSCI EAFE Index, the performance of which the EFA attempts to reflect. The Notes are linked to the performance of the EFA and not to the MSCI EAFE Index. We have derived all information contained in this document regarding the MSCI EAFE Index, including, without limitation, its make-up, method of calculation and changes in its components, from publicly available information.  The MSCI EAFE Index is a stock index calculated, published and disseminated daily by MSCI, Inc. (“MSCI”), a majority-owned subsidiary of Morgan Stanley, through numerous data vendors, on the MSCI website and in real time on Bloomberg Financial Markets and Reuters Limited.  Neither MSCI nor Morgan Stanley has any obligation to continue to calculate and publish, and may discontinue calculation and publication of the MSCI EAFE Index

The MSCI EAFE Index is a free float-adjusted market capitalization index with a base date of December 31, 1969 and an initial value of 100. The MSCI EAFE Index is calculated daily in U.S. dollars and published in real time every 60 seconds during market trading hours. The MSCI EAFE Index currently consists of the following 21 developed countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The MSCI EAFE Index is comprised of companies in both the Large Cap Index and Mid Cap Index, as discussed in the section “—Defining Market Capitalization Size Segments for Each Market” below. The MSCI EAFE Index is part of the MSCI Regional Equity Indices series and is an MSCI Global Investable Market Index, which is a family within the MSCI International Equity Indices.

General – MSCI Indices

MSCI provides global equity indices intended to measure equity performance in international markets and the MSCI International Equity Indices are designed to serve as global equity performance benchmarks. In constructing these indices, MSCI applies its index construction and maintenance methodology across developed, emerging, and frontier markets.

MSCI enhanced the methodology used in its MSCI International Equity Indices. The MSCI Standard and MSCI Small Cap Indices, along with the other MSCI equity indices based on them, transitioned to the global investable market indices methodology described below. The transition was completed at the end of May 2008. The Enhanced MSCI Standard Indices are composed of the MSCI Large Cap and Mid Cap Indices. The MSCI Global Small Cap Index transitioned to the MSCI Small Cap Index resulting from the Global Investable Market Indices methodology and contains no overlap with constituents of the transitioned MSCI Standard Indices. Together, the relevant MSCI Large Cap, Mid Cap, and Small Cap Indices will make up the MSCI investable market index for each country, composite, sector, and style index that MSCI offers.

Constructing the MSCI Global Investable Market Indices. MSCI undertakes an index construction process, which involves:

·

defining the equity universe;

·

determining the market investable equity universe for each market;

 

·

determining market capitalization size segments for each market;

·

applying index continuity rules for the MSCI Standard Index;

·

creating style segments within each size segment within each market; and

·

classifying securities under the Global Industry Classification Standard (the “GICS”).

Defining the Equity Universe. The equity universe is defined by:

·

Identifying Eligible Equity Securities: the equity universe initially looks at securities listed in any of the countries in the MSCI Global Index Series, which will be classified as either Developed Markets (“DM”) or Emerging Markets (“EM”). All listed equity securities, including Real Estate Investment Trusts, are eligible for inclusion in the equity universe.  Conversely, mutual funds, ETFs, equity derivatives and most investment trusts are not eligible for inclusion in the equity universe.

·

Classifying Eligible Securities into the Appropriate Country: each company and its securities (i.e., share classes) are classified in only one country.

Effective with the November 2015 semi-annual index review, companies traded outside of their country of classification (i.e., “foreign listed companies”) became eligible for inclusion in the MSCI Country Investable Market Indexes along with the applicable MSCI Global Index. In order for a MSCI Country Investable Market Index to be eligible to include foreign listed companies, it must meet the Foreign Listing Materiality Requirement. To meet the Foreign Listing Materiality Requirement, the aggregate market capitalization of all securities represented by foreign listings should represent at least (i) 5% of the free float-adjusted market capitalization of the relevant MSCI Country Investable Market Index and (ii) 0.05% of the free-float adjusted market capitalization of the MSCI ACWI Investable Market Index.

Determining the Market Investable Equity Universes. A market investable equity universe for a market is derived by applying investability screens to individual companies and securities in the equity universe that are classified in that market. A market is equivalent to a single country, except in DM Europe, where all DM countries in Europe are aggregated into a single market for index construction purposes. Subsequently, individual DM Europe country indices within the MSCI Europe Index are derived from the constituents of the MSCI Europe Index under the global investable market indices methodology.

The investability screens used to determine the investable equity universe in each market are as follows:

·

Equity Universe Minimum Size Requirement: this investability screen is applied at the company level. In order to be included in a market investable equity universe, a company must have the required minimum full market capitalization.

·

Equity Universe Minimum Free Float−Adjusted Market Capitalization Requirement: this investability screen is applied at the individual security level. To be eligible for inclusion in a market investable equity universe, a security must have a free float−adjusted market capitalization equal to or higher than 50% of the equity universe minimum size requirement.

·

DM and EM Minimum Liquidity Requirement: This investability screen is applied at the individual security level. To be eligible for inclusion in a market investable equity universe, a security must have adequate liquidity. The twelve-month and three-month Annual Traded Value Ratio (“ATVR”), a measure that screens out extreme daily trading volumes and takes into account the free float−adjusted market capitalization size of securities, together with the three-month frequency of trading are used to measure liquidity. A minimum liquidity level of 20% of three- and twelve-month ATVR and 90% of three-month frequency of trading over the last four consecutive quarters are required for inclusion of a security in a market investable equity universe of a DM, and a minimum liquidity level of 15% of three- and twelve-month ATVR and 80% of three-month frequency of trading over the last four consecutive quarters are required for inclusion of a security in a market investable equity universe of an EM.

·

Global Minimum Foreign Inclusion Factor Requirement: this investability screen is applied at the individual security level. To be eligible for inclusion in a market investable equity universe, a security’s Foreign Inclusion Factor (“FIF”) must reach a certain threshold. The FIF of a security is defined as the proportion of shares outstanding that is available for purchase in the public equity markets by international investors. This proportion accounts for the available free float of and/or the foreign ownership limits applicable to a specific security (or company). In general, a security must have an FIF equal to or larger than 0.15 to be eligible for inclusion in a market investable equity universe.

·

Minimum Length of Trading Requirement: this investability screen is applied at the individual security level. For an initial public offering (“IPO”) to be eligible for inclusion in a market investable equity universe, the new issue must have started trading at least three months before the implementation of a semi−annual index review (as described below). This requirement is applicable to small new issues in all markets. Large IPOs are not subject to the minimum length of trading requirement and may be included in a market investable equity universe and the Standard Index outside of a Quarterly or Semi−Annual Index Review.

·

Minimum Foreign Room Requirement: this investability screen is applied at the individual security level.  For a security that is subject to a foreign ownership limit to be eligible for inclusion in a market investable equity universe, the proportion of shares still available to foreign investors relative to the maximum allowed (referred to as “foreign room”) must be at least 15%.

Defining Market Capitalization Size Segments for Each Market. Once a market investable equity universe is defined, it is segmented into the following size−based indices:

·

Investable Market Index (Large + Mid + Small);

·

Standard Index (Large + Mid);

·

Large Cap Index;

·

Mid Cap Index; or

·

Small Cap Index.

Creating the size segment indices in each market involves the following steps:

·

defining the market coverage target range for each size segment;

·

determining the global minimum size range for each size segment;

 

·

determining the market size segment cutoffs and associated segment number of companies;

·

assigning companies to the size segments; and

·

applying final size−segment investability requirements.

Index Continuity Rules for the Standard Indices. In order to achieve index continuity, as well as to provide some basic level of diversification within a market index, and notwithstanding the effect of other index construction rules described in this section, a minimum number of five constituents will be maintained for a DM Standard Index and a minimum number of three constituents will be maintained for an EM Standard Index.

Creating Style Indices within Each Size Segment. All securities in the investable equity universe are classified into value or growth segments using the MSCI Global Value and Growth methodology.

Classifying Securities under the Global Industry Classification Standard. All securities in the global investable equity universe are assigned to the industry that best describes their business activities. To this end, MSCI has designed, in conjunction with S&P Dow Jones Indexes, the GICS. Under the GICS, each company is assigned to one sub−industry according to its principal business activity. Therefore, a company can belong to only one industry grouping at each of the four levels of the GICS.

Index Maintenance

The MSCI Global Investable Market Indices are maintained with the objective of reflecting the evolution of the underlying equity markets and segments on a timely basis, while seeking to achieve index continuity, continuous investability of constituents and replicability of the indices, index stability and low index turnover. In particular, index maintenance involves:

·

updating the indices on the basis of a fully refreshed equity universe;

·

taking buffer rules into consideration for migration of securities across size and style segments; and

·

updating FIFs and Number of Shares (“NOS”).

·

including significant new eligible securities (such as IPOs that were not eligible for earlier inclusion) in the index;

·

allowing for significant moves of companies within the Size Segment Indices, using wider buffers than in the SAIR; and

·

reflecting the impact of significant market events on FIFs and updating NOS.

None of us, the dealer or any of our other affiliates accepts any responsibility for the calculation, maintenance, or publication of, or for any error, omission, or disruption in, the index or any successor to the index.

 

Historical Information

The following table sets forth the quarterly high, low and period-end closing prices of the EFA, as reported by Bloomberg Financial Markets. The historical performance of the EFA should not be taken as an indication of its future performance. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of the EFA will result in the return of any of your initial investment.

* This pricing supplement includes information for the second calendar quarter of 2017 for the period from April 1, 2017 through April 21, 2017.  Accordingly, the “Quarterly Closing High,” “Quarterly Closing Low” and “Quarterly Period-End Close” data indicated are for this shortened period only and do not reflect complete data for the second calendar quarter of 2017.

The graph below illustrates the performance of the EFA from January 2, 2008 to April 20, 2017, based on its Initial Price of $61.93, which was its closing price on April 20, 2017. The solid line represents its Downside Threshold and Coupon Barrier of $43.91 (rounded to two decimal places), which is equal to 70.90% of its Initial Price.

HISTORIC PERFORMANCE IS NOT AN INDICATION OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

Source: Bloomberg L.P.  We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information obtained from Bloomberg Financial Markets.

 

The iShares^® Russell 2000 ETF

The IWM seeks to track the investment results of the Russell 2000^® Index. The shares of this Underlying trade on the NYSE Arca, Inc. under the symbol “IWM.”

Russell 2000^® Index

The Russell 2000^® Index (Bloomberg L.P. index symbol “RTY”) was developed by Russell Investments (“Russell”) before FTSE International Limited (“FTSE”) and Russell combined in 2015 to create FTSE Russell, which is wholly owned by London Stock Exchange Group. Russell began dissemination of the RTY on January 1, 1984. The RTY was set to 135 as of the close of business on December 31, 1986. FTSE Russell calculates and publishes the RTY. The RTY is designed to track the performance of the small capitalization segment of the U.S. equity market. As a subset of the Russell 3000^® Index, the RTY consists of the smallest 2,000 companies included in the Russell 3000^® Index. The Russell 3000^® Index measures the performance of the largest 3,000 U.S. companies, representing approximately 98% of the investable U.S. equity market. The RTY is determined, comprised, and calculated by FTSE Russell without regard to the Notes.

Selection of Stocks Comprising the RTY

All companies eligible for inclusion in the RTY must be classified as a U.S. company under the index sponsor’s country-assignment methodology. If a company is incorporated, has a stated headquarters location, and trades in the same country (American Depositary Receipts and American Depositary Shares are not eligible), then the company is assigned to its country of incorporation. If any of the three factors are not the same, the index sponsor defines three Home Country Indicators (“HCIs”): country of incorporation, country of headquarters, and country of the most liquid exchange (as defined by a two-year average daily dollar trading volume) (“ADDTV”) from all exchanges within a country. Using the HCIs, the index sponsor compares the primary location of the company’s assets with the three HCIs. If the primary location of its assets matches any of the HCIs, then the company is assigned to the primary location of its assets. If there is insufficient information to determine the country in which the company’s assets are primarily located, the index sponsor will use the primary country from which the company’s revenues are primarily derived for the comparison with the three HCIs in a similar manner. The index sponsor uses the average of two years of assets or revenues data to reduce potential turnover. If conclusive country details cannot be derived from assets or revenues data, the index sponsor will assign the company to the country of its headquarters, which is defined as the address of the company’s principal executive offices, unless that country is a Benefit Driven Incorporation “BDI” country, in which case the company will be assigned to the country of its most liquid stock exchange. BDI countries include: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Channel Islands, Cook Islands, Curacao, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Panama, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, and Turks and Caicos Islands. For any companies incorporated or headquartered in a U.S. territory, including countries such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and U.S. Virgin Islands, a U.S. HCI is assigned.

All securities eligible for inclusion in the RTY must trade on a major U.S. exchange. Stocks must have a closing price at or above $1.00 on their primary exchange on the last trading day in May to be eligible for inclusion during annual reconstitution. However, in order to reduce unnecessary turnover, if an existing member’s closing price is less than $1.00 on the last day of May, it will be considered eligible if the average of the daily closing prices (from its primary exchange) during the month of May is equal to or greater than $1.00. Initial public offerings are added each quarter and must have a closing price at or above $1.00 on the last day of their eligibility period in order to qualify for index inclusion. If an existing stock, does not trade on the “rank day” (typically the last trading day in May, but a confirmed timetable is announced each Spring) but does have a closing price at or above $1.00 on another eligible U.S. exchange, that stock will be eligible for inclusion.

An important criterion used to determine the list of securities eligible for the RTY is total market capitalization, which is defined as the market price as of the last trading day in May for those securities being considered at annual reconstitution times the total number of shares outstanding. Where applicable, common stock, non-restricted exchangeable shares and partnership units/membership interests are used to determine market capitalization. Any other form of shares such as preferred stock, convertible preferred stock, redeemable shares, participating preferred stock, warrants and rights, installment receipts or trust receipts, are excluded from the calculation. If multiple share classes of common stock exist, they are combined. In cases where the common stock share classes act independently of each other (e.g., tracking stocks), each class is considered for inclusion separately. If multiple share classes exist, the pricing vehicle will be designated as the share class with the highest two-year trading volume as of the rank day in May.

Companies with a total market capitalization of less than $30 million are not eligible for the RTY. Similarly, companies with only 5% or less of their shares available in the marketplace are not eligible for the RTY. Royalty trusts, limited liability companies, closed-end investment companies (companies that are required to report Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, as defined by the SEC, including business development companies), blank check companies, special-purpose acquisition companies, and limited partnerships are also not eligible for inclusion in the Russell U.S. Indices. Exchange traded funds and mutual funds are also excluded. Bulletin board, pink-sheets and over-the-counter (“OTC”) traded securities are not eligible for inclusion.

Annual reconstitution is a process by which the RTY is completely rebuilt. On the last trading day of May, all eligible securities are ranked by their total market capitalization. The largest 4,000 become the Russell 3000E Index, and the other of the index sponsor’s indexes are determined from that set of securities. Reconstitution of the RTY occurs on the last Friday in June or, when the last Friday in June is the 29th or 30th, reconstitution occurs on the prior Friday. In addition, the index sponsor adds initial public offerings to the RTY on a quarterly basis based on total market capitalization guidelines ranking within the market-adjusted capitalization breaks established during the most recent reconstitution.

After membership is determined, a security’s shares are adjusted to include only those shares available to the public. This is often referred to as “free float.” The purpose of the adjustment is to exclude from market calculations the capitalization that is not available for purchase and is not part of the investable opportunity set.

 

Historical Information

The following table sets forth the quarterly high, low and period-end closing prices of the IWM, as reported by Bloomberg Financial Markets. The historical performance of the IWM should not be taken as an indication of its future performance. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of the IWM will result in the return of any of your initial investment.

* This pricing supplement includes information for the second calendar quarter of 2017 for the period from April 1, 2017 through April 21, 2017.  Accordingly, the “Quarterly Closing High,” “Quarterly Closing Low” and “Quarterly Period-End Close” data indicated are for this shortened period only and do not reflect complete data for the second calendar quarter of 2017.

The graph below illustrates the performance of the IWM from January 2, 2008 to April 20, 2017, based on its Initial Price of $137.52, which was its closing price on April 20, 2017. The solid line represents its Downside Threshold and Coupon Barrier of $97.50 (rounded to two decimal places), which is equal to 70.90% of its Initial Price.

HISTORIC PERFORMANCE IS NOT AN INDICATION OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE.

Source: Bloomberg L.P.  We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information obtained from Bloomberg Financial Markets.

 

The graph below illustrates the daily performance of the Underlyings from January 2, 2008 through April 21, 2017. For comparison purposes, each Underlying has been normalized to have a closing price of $100.00 on January 2, 2008 by dividing the closing price of that Underlying on each day by the closing price of that Underlying on January 2, 2008 and multiplying by $100.00. We obtained the closing prices used to determine the normalized closing prices set forth below from Bloomberg L.P., without independent verification.

Past performance of the Underlyings is not indicative of their future performance.

The correlation of a pair of Underlyings represents a statistical measurement of the degree to which the returns of those Underlyings were similar to each other over a given period in terms of timing and direction (i.e., positive or negative). The closer the relationship of the daily returns of the Underlyings over a given period, the more positively correlated those Underlyings are. The graph above illustrates the historical performance of the Underlyings relative to one another over the time period shown and provides an indication of how close the relative performance of the daily returns of one Underlying has historically been to the other. The lower (or more negative) the correlation between two Underlyings, the less likely it is that those Underlyings will move in the same direction and, therefore, the greater the potential for one of those Underlyings to close below its Coupon Barrier or Downside Threshold on any Coupon Observation Date or the Final Valuation Date, respectively. This is because the less positively correlated a pair of Underlyings are, the greater the likelihood that at least one of those Underlyings will decrease in value. This results in a greater potential for a Contingent Coupon not to be paid during the term of the Notes and for a loss of principal at maturity. However, even if the two Underlyings have a higher positive correlation, one or both of those Underlyings might close below its Coupon Barrier or Downside Threshold on a Coupon Observation Date or the Final Valuation Date, as both of those Underlyings may decrease in value together.

The lower the correlation between two Underlyings, the greater the potential for one of those Underlyings to close below its Coupon Barrier or its Downside Threshold on any Coupon Observation Date or the Final Valuation Date, respectively. Therefore, the greater the number of Underlyings, the greater the potential for missed Contingent Coupons and for a loss of principal at maturity. We determine the Contingent Coupons for the Notes based, in part, on the correlation among the Underlyings, calculated using internal models at the time the terms of the Notes are set. As discussed above, increased risk resulting from lower correlation or from a greater number of Underlyings will be reflected in a higher Contingent Coupon than would be payable on securities linked to fewer Underlyings or that have a higher degree of correlation.

 

We have agreed to indemnify UBS and RBCCM against liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or to contribute payments that UBS and RBCCM may be required to make relating to these liabilities as described in the prospectus supplement and the prospectus.  We have agreed that UBS Financial Services Inc. may sell all or a part of the Notes that it will purchase from us to investors at the price to public or to its affiliates at the price indicated on the cover of this pricing supplement.

Subject to regulatory constraints and market conditions, RBCCM intends to offer to purchase the Notes in the secondary market, but it is not required to do so.

We or our affiliates may enter into swap agreements or related hedge transactions with one of our other affiliates or unaffiliated counterparties in connection with the sale of the Notes and RBCCM and/or an affiliate may earn additional income as a result of payments pursuant to the swap or related hedge transactions.  See “Use of Proceeds and Hedging” in the accompanying product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2.

The value of the Notes shown on your account statement may be based on RBCCM’s estimate of the value of the Notes if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Notes (which it is not obligated to do).  That estimate will be based upon the price that RBCCM may pay for the Notes in light of then prevailing market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately eight months after the issue date of the Notes, the value of the Notes that may be shown on your account statement may be higher than RBCCM’s estimated value of the Notes at that time.  This is because the estimated value of the Notes will not include the underwriting discount and our hedging costs and profits; however, the value of the Notes shown on your account statement during that period may be a higher amount, reflecting the addition of the underwriting discount and our estimated costs and profits from hedging the Notes.  Any such excess is expected to decrease over time until the end of this period.  After this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Notes, it expects to do so at prices that reflect their estimated value. This period may be reduced at RBCCM’s discretion based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to, the amount of the Notes that we repurchase and our negotiated arrangements from time to time with UBS.

For additional information as to the relationship between us and RBCCM, please see the section “Plan of Distribution—Conflicts of Interest” in the prospectus dated January 8, 2016.

The Notes are our debt securities, the return on which is linked to the performance of the Underlying.  As is the case for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Notes reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness at the time of pricing.  In addition, because structured notes result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow the funds under these Notes at a rate that is more favorable to us than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt security of comparable maturity.  Using this relatively lower implied borrowing rate rather than the secondary market rate is a factor that resulted in a higher initial estimated value of the Notes at the time their terms are set than if the secondary market rate was used. Unlike the estimated value included on the cover of this document, any value of the Notes determined for purposes of a secondary market transaction may be based on a different borrowing rate, which may result in a lower value for the Notes than if our initial internal borrowing rate were used.

In order to satisfy our payment obligations under the Notes, we may choose to enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives) on the issue date with RBCCM or one of our other subsidiaries.  The terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of factors, including our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, the volatility of each Underlying, and the tenor of the Notes.  The economic terms of the Notes and their initial estimated value depend in part on the terms of these hedging arrangements.

The lower implied borrowing rate is a factor that reduces the economic terms of the Notes to you.  The initial offering price of the Notes also reflects the underwriting commission and our estimated hedging costs.  These factors resulted in the initial estimated value for the Notes on the trade date being less than their public offering price.  See “Key Risks—The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Less than the Price to the Public” above.

The terms appearing above under the caption “Final Terms of the Notes” and the provisions in the accompanying product prospectus supplement no. UBS-TPAOS-2 dated January 20, 2016 under the caption “General Terms of the Securities” are incorporated into the master note issued to DTC, the registered holder of the Notes.

 

In the opinion of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP, the issue and sale of the Notes has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Bank in conformity with the Indenture, and when the Notes have been duly executed, authenticated and issued in accordance with the Indenture and delivered against payment therefor, the Notes will be validly issued and, to the extent validity of the Notes is a matter governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario or Québec, or the laws of Canada applicable therein, and will be valid obligations of the Bank, subject to equitable remedies which may only be granted at the discretion of a court of competent authority, subject to applicable bankruptcy, to rights to indemnity and contribution under the Notes or the Indenture which may be limited by applicable law; to insolvency and other laws of general application affecting creditors’ rights, to limitations under applicable limitations statutes, and to limitations as to the currency in which judgments in Canada may be rendered, as prescribed by the Currency Act (Canada).  This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the Provinces of Ontario and Québec and the federal laws of Canada applicable thereto. In addition, this opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the Trustee’s authorization, execution and delivery of the Indenture and the genuineness of signatures and certain factual matters, all as stated in the letter of such counsel dated January 8, 2016, which has been filed as Exhibit 5.1 to Royal Bank’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC dated January 8, 2016.

In the opinion of Morrison & Foerster LLP, when the Notes have been duly completed in accordance with the Indenture and issued and sold as contemplated by the prospectus supplement and the prospectus, the Notes will be valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Royal Bank, entitled to the benefits of the Indenture, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, concepts of reasonableness and equitable principles of general applicability (including, without limitation, concepts of good faith, fair dealing and the lack of bad faith).  This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the State of New York.  This opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the Trustee’s authorization, execution and delivery of the Indenture and the genuineness of signatures and to such counsel’s reliance on the Bank and other sources as to certain factual matters, all as stated in the legal opinion dated January 8, 2016, which has been filed as Exhibit 5.2 to the Bank’s Form 6-K dated January 8, 2016.

 

 

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