UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

SCHEDULE 14A

Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Check the appropriate box:

Payment of Filing Fee (Check the appropriate box):

April 18, 2019

Dear Stockholders:

We are pleased to invite you to attend the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders of Medidata Solutions, Inc., which will be held at 10:00 a.m., Eastern Daylight Time, on May 29, 2019. As a leading provider of cloud-based technology solutions, we are pleased that this year’s annual meeting will again be a completely virtual meeting of stockholders, held over the Internet. You will be able to participate in the annual meeting, vote your shares electronically and submit your questions during the live webcast of the meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/medidata2019 and entering your 16-digit control number.

At the meeting, we will ask you to elect eight directors, constituting the entire board of directors, to serve for the ensuing year; to approve an amendment to our Amended and Restated 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) to increase by 2,300,000 the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the LTIP; and to ratify the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the year ending December 31, 2019. In addition, we will hold an advisory vote on the compensation of the named executive officers (commonly referred to as the “say on pay vote”).

Your vote is important to us and to our business. Whether or not you plan to participate in the live webcast of our annual meeting, we hope you will vote as soon as possible. You may vote over the Internet, as well as by telephone or by mailing a proxy or voting instruction card. Voting over the Internet, by telephone or by written proxy will ensure your representation at the annual meeting regardless of whether you participate in our live webcast. Please review the instructions on the proxy or voting instruction card regarding each of these voting options.

We look forward to your participation at our virtual annual meeting.

Sincerely,

Tarek A. Sherif
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials
for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders
To Be Held on May 29, 2019

This proxy statement, along with our 2018 annual report to stockholders, is available free of charge at the following website: www.proxyvote.com.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MEDIDATA SOLUTIONS, INC.
   
NOTICE OF 2019 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
To Be Held on May 29, 2019

The annual meeting of stockholders of Medidata Solutions, Inc. will be held virtually (that is, over the Internet) on May 29, 2019, at 10:00 a.m., Eastern Daylight Time, for the following purposes:

Attached to this notice is a proxy statement setting forth information with respect to the above items and certain other information. As a leading provider of cloud-based technology solutions, we are pleased that this year’s annual meeting will again be a completely virtual meeting of stockholders, held over the Internet. You will be able to attend the annual meeting, vote your shares electronically and submit your questions during the live webcast of the meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/medidata2019 and entering your 16-digit control number.

If you owned our common stock at the close of business on April 1, 2019, you may participate in and vote at the meeting. A list of stockholders eligible to vote at the meeting will be available for review for any purpose related to the meeting, both during our regular business hours at our headquarters in New York, New York for the ten days prior to the meeting, and online during the Annual Meeting, accessible at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/medidata2019.

In accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission rules, we are furnishing these proxy materials and our 2018 Annual Report to Stockholders over the Internet. We believe that posting these materials on the Internet enables us to provide stockholders with the information that they need more quickly, while lowering our costs of printing and delivery and reducing the environmental impact of our annual meeting. Stockholders may request mailed paper copies if preferred. On or about April 18, 2019 we will mail to stockholders as of the record date a notice containing instructions on how to access our Annual Meeting materials and vote via the Internet, mail or telephone. You may also vote electronically during the live webcast of the virtual meeting.

Your vote is very important to us and to our business. Whether or not you plan to participate in our virtual annual meeting, we encourage you to read this proxy statement and submit your proxy or voting instructions as soon as possible.

	By order of the board of directors,
	Michael Otner
	Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
April 18, 2019
350 Hudson Street, 9th Floor
New York, New York 10014

PROXY STATEMENT
FOR
2019 ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

GENERAL INFORMATION

This proxy statement is furnished in connection with the solicitation of proxies by our board of directors for use at the 2019 annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 29, 2019 (the “Annual Meeting”), or at any adjournments or postponements of the Annual Meeting, at the time and for the purposes specified in the accompanying notice.

Our board of directors has made these proxy materials available to you via the Internet or, upon your request, has delivered printed versions of these materials to you by mail. We are furnishing this proxy statement in connection with the solicitation by our board of directors of proxies to be voted at our Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting will be held on May 29, 2019 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time, or at any adjournment thereof. As a leading provider of cloud-based technology solutions, we are pleased that this year’s annual meeting will again be a completely virtual meeting of stockholders, held over the Internet.

INTERNET AVAILABILITY OF ANNUAL MEETING MATERIALS

We are making this proxy statement and our 2018 Annual Report to Stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2018, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, available to our stockholders on the Internet. On or about April 18, 2019, we will mail our stockholders a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials containing instructions on how to access our proxy materials, including this proxy statement and our 2018 Annual Report, and vote. If you received a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials by mail, you will not receive a printed copy of the proxy materials in the mail unless you specifically request these materials. Other stockholders, in accordance with their prior requests, have received e-mail notification of how to access our proxy materials and vote over the Internet, or have been mailed paper copies of our proxy materials and a proxy card or a vote instruction form from their bank or broker.

Internet distribution of proxy materials is designed to expedite receipt by stockholders, lower the cost of our Annual Meeting, and reduce the environmental impact of our Annual Meeting. However, if you received a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials by mail and would like to receive a printed copy of our proxy materials, please follow the instructions for requesting such materials contained on the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials. If you have previously elected to receive our proxy materials electronically, you will continue to receive these materials via e-mail unless you elect otherwise.

PARTICIPATING IN THE VIRTUAL ANNUAL MEETING

Medidata Solutions will be hosting this year’s Annual Meeting live over the Internet at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/medidata2019. This year’s Annual Meeting will be a completely virtual meeting of stockholders. A summary of the information you need to participate in our Annual Meeting online is provided below:

In this proxy statement, the terms “our company,” “Medidata,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Medidata Solutions, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries and their predecessors. The mailing address of our principal executive office is Medidata Solutions, Inc., 350 Hudson Street, 9^th Floor, New York, New York 10014.

All shares entitled to vote and represented by properly executed proxies delivered pursuant to this solicitation, and not later revoked, will be voted at the Annual Meeting in accordance with the instructions given in the proxy. If no instructions are indicated on a properly executed proxy, the shares represented by that proxy will be voted in accordance with the recommendations of the board of directors as follows:

All shares of our common stock represented by properly executed and unrevoked proxies will be voted if such proxies are received in time for the meeting.

Who is entitled to vote?

As of the close of business on April 1, 2019, the record date for determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the Annual Meeting, there were outstanding 62,260,163 shares of our common stock (excluding treasury shares, which cannot be voted), all of which are entitled to vote with respect to all matters to be acted upon at the Annual Meeting. Each stockholder of record is entitled to one vote for each share of common stock held by such stockholder. No shares of preferred stock of the company were outstanding as of April 1, 2019.

How many shares must be present or represented to conduct business at the Annual Meeting?

The required quorum for the transaction of business at the meeting is a majority of the total outstanding shares of our common stock entitled to vote at the meeting, either voted electronically during the live webcast or represented by proxy. Both abstentions and broker non-votes are counted for the purpose of determining the presence of a quorum.

Why was I mailed a notice regarding the Internet availability of proxy materials instead of a full set of printed proxy materials?

Pursuant to the “notice and access” rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), we have elected to provide stockholders access to our proxy materials over the Internet. Accordingly, we sent a Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials to all of our stockholders as of the record date. The Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials includes instructions on how to access our proxy materials over the Internet and how to request a printed copy of these materials. In addition, by following the instructions in the Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, stockholders may request to receive proxy materials in printed form by mail or electronically by email on an ongoing basis.

Choosing to receive your future proxy materials by email will save us the cost of printing and mailing documents to you and will reduce the impact of our annual meetings on the environment. If you choose to receive future proxy materials by email, you will receive an email next year with instructions containing a link to those materials and a link to the proxy voting site. Your election to receive proxy materials by email will remain in effect until you terminate it.

What are my voting choices and what is the voting requirement to approve each of the proposals?

The following chart describes the proposals to be considered at the meeting, the voting choices for each proposal, the vote required to elect directors and to adopt each other proposal, and the manner in which votes will be counted:

How can I vote my shares?

By proxy. Whether you hold shares directly as the stockholder of record or beneficially in street name, you may direct how your shares are voted without participating in our online Annual Meeting. If you are a stockholder of record, you may vote by submitting a proxy. If you hold shares beneficially in street name, you may vote by submitting voting instructions to your broker, trustee or nominee. For directions on how to vote, please refer to the instructions on your Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials or proxy card or, for shares held beneficially in street name, the voting instruction card provided by your broker, trustee or nominee.

At our virtual Annual Meeting. Whether you are a stockholder of record or hold your shares in “street name,” you may vote electronically during the live webcast of our Annual Meeting. You will need to enter your 16-digit control number (included in your Notice of Internet Availability of Proxy Materials, your proxy card or the voting instructions that accompanied your proxy materials) to vote your shares at the Annual Meeting. Even if you plan to participate in our virtual Annual Meeting, we recommend that you also submit your proxy or voting instructions as described above so that your vote will be counted if you are unable to, or later decide not to, participate in the live webcast of the meeting.

If any matters are properly presented for consideration at the Annual Meeting, including, among other things, consideration of a motion to adjourn the Annual Meeting to another time (including, without limitation, for the purpose of soliciting additional proxies), the persons named in the proxy card and acting thereunder will have discretion to vote on those matters in accordance with their best judgment. We do not currently anticipate that any other matters will be raised at the Annual Meeting.

What if I am a beneficial owner and do not give voting instructions to my broker?

As a beneficial owner, in order to ensure your shares are voted in the way you would like, you must provide voting instructions to your bank, broker or other nominee by the deadline provided in the materials you receive from your bank, broker or other nominee. If you do not provide voting instructions to your bank, broker or other nominee, whether your shares can be voted by such person depends on the type of item being considered for vote.

Non-Discretionary Items. The election of directors, advisory “say on pay” vote, and vote to approve an amendment to our Amended and Restated 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan, are non-discretionary items and may not be voted on by brokers, banks or other nominees who have not received specific voting instructions from beneficial owners. In tabulating the voting result for any particular proposal, shares that constitute broker non-votes are not considered votes cast on that proposal. Thus, broker non-votes will not affect the outcome of any matter being voted on at the Annual Meeting, assuming that a quorum is obtained.

Discretionary Item. The ratification of the appointment of Deloitte & Touche LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm is a discretionary item. Generally, brokers, banks and other nominees that do not receive voting instructions from beneficial owners may vote on this proposal in their discretion. We encourage you to provide instructions to your broker regarding the voting of your shares.

Can I change my vote or revoke my proxy?

Any holder of our common stock has the right to revoke his or her proxy at any time prior to the voting thereof at the Annual Meeting by (1) filing a written revocation with the Secretary prior to the voting of such proxy, (2) giving a duly executed proxy bearing a later date or (3) participating in and voting electronically during the live webcast of the Annual Meeting. If you hold your shares in the name of a bank, broker or other nominee, you should follow the instructions provided by your bank, broker or nominee in revoking your previously granted proxy.

How are proxies solicited and who will bear the cost?

We will bear the cost of the solicitation of proxies. In addition to solicitation by mail, our directors, officers and employees may solicit proxies from stockholders by telephone, e-mail or in person. In accordance with SEC regulations, banks, brokers and other custodians, nominees and fiduciaries also will be reimbursed by us, as necessary, for their reasonable expenses for sending proxy solicitation materials to the beneficial owners of our common stock. If warranted, we may engage the services of a proxy solicitor in connection with this solicitation, and would pay customary fees and expenses for these services.

Where can I find the voting results of the Annual Meeting?

We will announce preliminary voting results at the Annual Meeting. Voting results will also be disclosed on a Form 8-K filed with the SEC within four business days after the Annual Meeting, which will be available on our website.

PROPOSAL 1

ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

At the Annual Meeting, eight directors, constituting the entire board of directors, are to be elected to hold office until the next annual meeting of stockholders or until their respective successors have been elected and qualified. The eight nominees for election at the Annual Meeting are listed below with their biographies. The board of directors, after careful consideration, approved the nomination of each of our currently serving directors. We are not aware of any reason why any nominee would be unable to serve as a director. If any nominee is unable to serve, the shares represented by all valid proxies will be voted for the election of such other person as the board of directors may nominate as a substitute.

The board of directors, acting through its nominating and governance committee, is responsible for nominating a slate of director nominees that collectively have the complementary experience, qualifications, skills and attributes to guide the company and function effectively as a board.

The nominating and governance committee seeks directors with established strong professional reputations and experience in areas relevant to the strategy and operations of our company’s business. The nominees for director include individuals who hold or have held senior executive positions in organizations operating in a variety of industries and individuals who have experience serving on boards of directors and board committees of other companies. In these positions, they have gained experience in core management skills, such as strategic and financial planning, public company financial reporting, compliance, risk management and oversight, leadership development and corporate governance practices and trends.

The nominating and governance committee believes that each of the nominees has other key attributes that are important to an effective board: integrity, candor, analytical skills, the willingness to engage management and each other in a constructive and collaborative fashion, and the ability and commitment to devote significant time and energy to service on the board of directors and its committees. The nominating and governance committee takes into account diversity considerations in determining the company’s slate and planning for director succession and believes that, as a group, the nominees bring a diverse range of perspectives to the deliberations of the board of directors. In October 2018, Dr. Maria Rivas joined the board of directors, enriching the diversity and expertise of our Board and bringing, among other things, her significant experience in healthcare and pharmaceuticals, including corporate experience, medical, operational and product life cycle management, innovation, business development and strategy. Dr. Rivas is standing for election by the stockholders for the first time at the Annual Meeting. Dr. Rivas was initially identified as a potential nominee as part of an extensive search led by our executive vice president – human resources with additional members of the our management team and board of directors, and recommended for nomination by the nominating and governance committee. Our nominating and governance committee has committed to increasing our board’s gender diversity, and to ensuring that candidates representing a diversity of race, ethnicity, gender, age and/or sexual orientation are included in each pool of new candidates from which our board nominees are chosen.

Each of the nominees, other than Messrs. Sherif and de Vries, co-founders of the company, is also independent of the company and management. We believe the atmosphere of our board of directors is collegial and that all directors are engaged in their responsibilities. For additional information about our director independence requirements, consideration of director candidates, leadership structure of our boards of directors and other corporate governance matters, see “Corporate Governance and Board Matters” beginning on page 9 of this proxy statement.

In addition to the above, the nominating and governance committee also considered the specific experience described in the biographical details that follow in determining to nominate the individuals set forth below for election as directors.

Nominees for Election

Tarek A. Sherif is one of our founders. Mr. Sherif has served as our chief executive officer since 2001 and as a member of our board of directors since 2000. Prior to forming Medidata, Mr. Sherif co-managed and managed equity funds focused on public and private technology and life sciences companies, as well as holding various positions in finance. Mr. Sherif holds a B.A. in economics from Yale College and an M.B.A. in business administration and finance from Columbia University.

Mr. Sherif brings to our board of directors detailed knowledge and unique perspective and insights regarding the strategic and operational opportunities and challenges, economic and industry trends, and competitive and financial positioning of our business. In addition, his leadership as chief executive officer of our company and his knowledge of the company’s industry and business as a co-founder and chief executive officer position him well to serve as our chairman.

Glen M. de Vries is one of our founders. Mr. de Vries has served as our president since February 2008 and as a member of our board of directors since 1999. From 2000 to 2008, Mr. de Vries served as our chief technology officer. Mr. de Vries has over 20 years of experience in medical software development, including electronic health records and consumer-targeted products. Previously, he served as a research assistant at Columbia University focusing on both research science and creating a paperless clinical data management system. Mr. de Vries holds a B.S. in molecular biology and genetics from Carnegie Mellon University.

Mr. de Vries’ significant experience as the company’s co-founder, former chief technology officer and president provides our board of directors with unique perspectives and insights regarding the company’s innovation and strategic vision.

Carlos Dominguez has served as president of Sprinklr Inc., a privately held social media management software company, since July 2018, after serving as president and chief operating officer from January 2015 until July 2018. Mr. Dominguez has also served on the board of The Hartford Financial Services Group since February 2018. Prior to joining Sprinklr, Mr. Dominguez held various executive positions at Cisco Systems, Inc. and served as its senior vice president, office of the chairman and chief executive officer, from January 2008 to January 2015. Mr. Dominguez joined Cisco in 1992 and previously served as senior vice president of its Worldwide Service Provider Operations group from 2004 to 2008 and as a vice president for U.S. Service Provider Sales from 1999 to 2004.

Mr. Dominguez brings to our board of directors significant managerial experience, which gives him the ability to address complex management issues at the most senior levels and provide critical insights into the operational requirements of global technology companies.

Neil M. Kurtz, M.D. served as president and chief executive officer of Golden Living, LLC, a privately held skilled nursing, hospice, home healthcare and institutional pharmacy company, from August 2008 to December 2017. Prior to joining Golden Living, Dr. Kurtz served as president and chief executive officer and a member of the board of directors of TorreyPines Therapeutics, Inc., a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, since 2002. Dr. Kurtz co-founded Worldwide Clinical Trials, a contract research organization, where he held the positions of president and chief executive officer until its acquisition by United Health Group, or UHG, in 1999. After the acquisition, Dr. Kurtz became president of Ingenix Pharmaceutical Services, a division of UHG, and also served as a member of the UHG Executive Board until joining TorreyPines Therapeutics, Inc. Dr. Kurtz’s career includes senior positions with Boots Pharmaceuticals, Bayer Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Merck. He currently serves on the board of directors of Team Health Holdings Inc., a leading provider of outsourced physician staffing solutions for hospitals, and Golden Gate National Senior Care Holdings, and served previously on the board of directors of NeurogesX, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company. Dr. Kurtz holds a B.A. in psychology from New York University and an M.D. from the Medical College of Wisconsin.

Dr. Kurtz brings to our board of directors significant operational, regulatory, and financial experience as a senior executive and director in the healthcare industry.

George W. McCulloch is currently a partner at Level Equity Management, LLC, a private investment firm he co-founded in 2009. Previously Mr. McCulloch served as a managing director at Insight Venture Partners, which he joined in 2003. Mr. McCulloch holds a B.A. in history from Stanford University.

Mr. McCulloch brings to our board of directors significant operational, financial, and investment experience from his involvement in Level Equity and Insight and their numerous portfolio companies.

Dr. Maria Rivas has served as chief medical officer at EMD Serono, the biopharmaceutical business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt Germany, since January 2019. In this role, she oversees a global team of healthcare experts and scientists responsible for Phase 4 clincal research, value evidence development, and medical communiations. Dr. Rivas joined EMD Serono in July 2018 as the senior vice president and head of global medical affairs. Previously, Dr. Rivas served as senior vice president and head of global medical affairs at Merck/MSD from January 2016 to July 2018, and as vice president of global medical affairs at Abbvie from August 2012 to December 2015. From June 2010 to July 2012, Dr. Rivas worked at Bayer, first as vice president for U.S. general medicine and later as the vice president of global oncology medical affairs and clinical development. From September 1999 to May 2010, Dr. Rivas worked at Eli Lilly in various medical affairs and clinical development roles in the U.S. and Latin America. Prior to joining the industry, Dr. Rivas worked as an attending in tertiary teaching hospitals and owned a private clinical practice. Dr. Rivas holds a B.A. from Brandeis University and an M.D. from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and is a board certified endocrinologist.

Dr. Rivas brings to our board of directors significant medical, operational, and product life cycle management experience as a senior research and development executive of various S&P 500 pharmaceutical companies. She has launched new pharmaceutical products in multiple therapeutic areas including oncology, immunology, neurology and endocrinology. Our board of directors also benefits from Dr. Rivas’s experience building and leading global teams of healthcare, Phase 4, medical communications and compliance professionals dedicated to enriching pharmaceutical product value propositions, delivering market insights, and enhancing the pharmaceutical industry’s reputation in over 100 countries.

Lee A. Shapiro is chief financial officer at Livongo, where he is responsible for financial, legal and strategic growth initiatives. From November 2013 until taking the chief financial officer role in January 2019, Mr. Shapiro served on the board of Livongo, most recently as chair of its audit committee. From 2001 through 2012, Mr. Shapiro was president of Allscripts Healthcare Solutions and his leadership was central to over $4B in mergers, acquisitions and financings. He oversaw the strategy, international operations, business development and partnerships, health plan initiatives and entrepreneurial business investments at Allscripts Healthcare Solutions. Mr. Shapiro is also managing partner at 7wireVentures, an investment firm he co-founded over a decade ago. He has been active with the 7wire portfolio, serving on the boards of many of its privately held companies. Mr. Shapiro also serves on the boards of Tivity Health, where he chairs the audit committee, and Aptus Health (a Merck subsidiary). Mr. Shapiro is a member of the National Board of Directors of the American Heart Association. He earned his J.D. degree from The University of Chicago Law School and a B.S. in Accounting from The University of Illinois Urbana- Champaign.

Mr. Shapiro brings to our board of directors significant experience in directing strategic initiatives at a global public healthcare technology company, including mergers and acquisitions, international expansion, business development and partnerships, and business activities in the areas of analytics and information services. Our board of directors also benefits from Mr. Shapiro’s experience serving on the boards of several private and not-for-profit companies.

Robert B. Taylor, currently our lead director, served as senior vice president for finance and administration of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation from January 2001 to December 2014. Prior to joining The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Mr. Taylor previously served as vice president and treasurer of Wesleyan University from 1985 to 2001. Mr. Taylor also previously served on the board of directors of Zygo Corporation from 1988 to 2013, including as a member of its corporate governance/nominating committee and chairman of its audit committee. Mr. Taylor holds a B.A. from St. Lawrence University.

Mr. Taylor brings to his role as lead director significant experience in accounting and finance, which qualifies him as our “financial expert,” and operational, investment and governance experience from his role as a senior executive and chief financial officer of two large enterprises. Our board of directors also benefits from Mr. Taylor’s experience serving on the boards of for profit and not-for-profit companies, including as chair of the audit committee of another public company.

Vote Required

If a quorum is present at the Annual Meeting, directors will be elected by a majority of the votes cast by the holders of the shares of common stock voting electronically during the live webcast or by proxy at the meeting, meaning that a director nominee will be elected to the board of directors if the votes cast “for” the nominee’s election exceed the votes cast “against” such nominee’s election. Abstentions and broker non-votes are not counted as votes cast for purposes of the election of directors and, therefore, will have no effect on the outcome of such election.

Board Recommendation

Our board of directors recommends a vote FOR the election to the board of directors of each of the foregoing nominees.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND BOARD MATTERS

Director Independence

The board of directors has affirmatively determined that each of the director nominees standing for election, except Tarek Sherif as chief executive officer and Glen de Vries as president, has no relationship that, in the opinion of the board of directors, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and is “independent” within the meaning of the director independence standards of the company, The Nasdaq Stock Market Inc. (“NASDAQ”) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Furthermore, the board of directors has determined that each member of the audit committee, the compensation committee, and the nominating and governance committee is independent within the meaning of applicable committee independence standards of the company, NASDAQ and the SEC, including Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). In making that determination, the board of directors considered all relevant facts and circumstances, including (but not limited to) the director’s commercial, industrial, banking, consulting, legal, accounting, charitable and familial relationships.

At least annually, the board of directors evaluates all relationships between the company and each director in light of relevant facts and circumstances for the purposes of determining whether a material relationship exists that might signal a potential conflict of interest or otherwise interfere with such director’s ability to satisfy his or her responsibilities as an independent director. Based on this evaluation, the board of directors makes an annual determination of whether each director is independent within the meaning of the independence standards of the company, NASDAQ and the SEC.

Board of Directors and Committees

Our board of directors currently consists of eight members, following the addition of Dr. Rivas on October 19, 2018. If all of the director nominees are elected at the Annual Meeting, our board of directors will continue to consist of eight members. The board of directors is responsible for oversight of our business and affairs. To assist the board of directors in carrying out its duties, the board has delegated certain authority to four standing committees: the audit committee, the compensation committee, the nominating and governance committee, and the strategic investment and acquisition committee.

The membership of each of the audit committee, the compensation committee, and the nominating and governance committee is composed entirely of independent directors and the membership of the strategic investment and acquisition committee is composed of at least half independent directors. In determining the independence of compensation committee members, the board of directors considers the source and amount of compensation received by the members and whether the member is affiliated with the company. In addition, the members of the audit committee meet the heightened standards of independence for audit committee members required by SEC rules and NASDAQ rules.

The committee membership and the responsibilities of each of the committees are described below.

Name	Audit			Nominating and Governance			Compensation			Strategic Investment and Acquisition
Tarek A. Sherif		—			—			—
Glen M. de Vries		—			—			—
Carlos Dominguez(I)		—								—
Neil M. Kurtz, M.D.(I)					—					—
George W. McCulloch(I)					—
Maria Rivas(I)(*)		—			—			—		—
Lee A. Shapiro(I)								—
Robert B. Taylor(I)(L)								—		—

Chairman

Member

The board of directors has adopted a written charter for each of the four standing committees. Each committee charter is available free of charge in the Governance section of our website at https://investors.medidata.com or by writing to Medidata Solutions, Inc., 350 Hudson Street, 9^th Floor, New York, New York 10014, c/o Corporate Secretary.

Audit Committee

Messrs. Taylor, Kurtz, McCulloch and Shapiro currently serve on the audit committee. Mr. Taylor is the chairman of our audit committee. The board of directors has determined that each member of the audit committee is independent within the meaning of the director independence standards of the company and NASDAQ as well as the heightened director independence standards of the SEC for audit committee members, including Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act. The board of directors has also determined that each of the members of the audit committee is financially sophisticated and is able to read and understand consolidated financial statements and that Mr. Taylor is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in the Exchange Act.

The composition and responsibilities of the audit committee and the attributes of its members, as reflected in the charter, are intended to be in accordance with applicable requirements for corporate audit committees. The audit committee charter will be reviewed, and amended if necessary, on an annual basis.

The audit committee assists the board in fulfilling its oversight responsibility relating to our financial statements and the disclosure and financial reporting process, our system of internal controls, our internal audit function, our management of cybersecurity risk, the qualifications, independence and performance of our independent registered public accounting firm, compliance with our code of ethics and legal and regulatory requirements. The audit committee has the sole authority to appoint, retain, terminate, compensate and oversee the work of the independent registered public accounting firm, as well as to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services to be provided by the independent registered public accounting firm.

Compensation Committee

Messrs. Kurtz, Dominguez and McCulloch currently serve on the compensation committee. Dr. Kurtz is the chairman of our compensation committee. The board of directors has determined that each member of the compensation committee is a “non-employee” director within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act

and independent within the meaning of the director independence standards of the company and NASDAQ. In addition, each member of the compensation committee is an “outside director” for purposes of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. In determining the independence of our compensation committee members, the board of directors considered several relevant factors, including but not limited to the source and amount of compensation received by the members and whether the member is affiliated with the company.

The compensation committee reviews and approves our general compensation strategy and on an annual basis reviews and evaluates our executive officers’ performance, and makes recommendations to the board of directors concerning compensation arrangements for all of our executive officers, including our chief executive officer. The Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) included in this proxy statement includes additional information regarding the compensation committee’s processes and procedures for considering and determining executive officer compensation.

The compensation committee is also responsible for, among other things, administering any incentive compensation plans, equity-based compensation plans and other benefit plans and making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to such plans; reviewing and recommending compensation programs for our non-employee directors; reviewing and approving the CD&A and compensation committee report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement; and reviewing the succession planning for our executive officers. In addition, the compensation committee is responsible for making recommendations with respect to the frequency of say on pay votes and for reviewing the results of the say on pay votes. The compensation committee has the authority to engage independent advisors to assist it in carrying out its responsibilities and to approve any such advisor’s fees and other retention terms, as well as the responsibility for oversight of the work of any independent compensation consultant or other advisor it has retained.

Nominating and Governance Committee

Messrs. Taylor, Dominguez and Shapiro currently serve on the nominating and governance committee. Mr. Taylor is the chairman of our nominating and governance committee. The board of directors has determined that each member of the nominating and governance committee is independent within the meaning of the director independence standards of the company, NASDAQ and the SEC.

The nominating and governance committee is responsible for, among other things: reviewing board composition, procedures and committees, and making recommendations on these matters to the board of directors; reviewing, soliciting and making recommendations to the board of directors and stockholders with respect to candidates for election to the board; and overseeing compliance by the board of directors and management with our corporate governance principles and ethics standards and code of conduct.

Strategic Investment and Acquisition Committee

Messrs. Sherif, de Vries, McCulloch and Shapiro currently serve on the strategic investment and acquisition committee. Mr. Sherif is the chairman of our strategic investment and acquisition committee.

The strategic investment and acquisition committee is responsible for assisting the board in overseeing acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments made by the Company.

Majority Voting in Director Elections

Our bylaws include a majority voting standard in uncontested elections of directors, providing that a nominee for director shall be elected to the board if the votes cast for such nominee’s election exceed the votes cast against such nominee’s election. This standard applies to the election of directors at the Annual Meeting. In contested director elections, that is, when the number of director nominees exceeds the number of directors to be elected, the voting standard will be a plurality of votes cast.

Our corporate governance guidelines include a director resignation policy providing that, with respect to director nominations, the board shall nominate for election or reelection as director only (i) candidates who agree to tender, promptly following the stockholders’ meeting at which they are elected as director or (ii) incumbent directors who have tendered, in advance of such nomination, irrevocable resignations that in each case will be effective upon the failure of such director to receive the required vote at the next stockholders’ meeting at which they face reelection and board acceptance of such resignation.

If an incumbent director fails to receive the required vote for reelection, the nominating and governance committee shall make a recommendation to the board as to whether to accept or reject such director’s resignation as previously tendered pursuant to our corporate governance guidelines or whether other action should be taken. The nominating and governance committee and the board may consider any factors they deem relevant in deciding whether to accept or reject a director’s resignation or whether other action should be taken. Within 90 days from the date the election results are certified, we will publicly disclose the board’s decision and the rationale behind such decision.

Consideration of Director Candidates

Director Qualifications. The nominating and governance committee has not formally established any specific, minimum qualifications that must be met by each candidate for the board of directors or specific qualities or skills that are necessary for one or more of the members of the board of directors to possess.

Identifying Nominees. The nominating and governance committee has two primary methods for identifying director candidates (other than those proposed by our stockholders, as discussed below). First, the nominating and governance committee will solicit ideas for possible candidates from a number of sources, including members of the board of directors and Medidata executives. Second, the nominating and governance committee is authorized to use its authority under its charter to retain at the company’s expense one or more search firms to identify candidates (and to approve such firms’ fees and other retention terms).

Stockholder Candidates. The nominating and governance committee will consider candidates for nomination as a director submitted by stockholders. Although the nominating and governance committee does not have a separate policy that addresses the consideration of director candidates recommended by stockholders, the board of directors does not believe that such a separate policy is necessary because our bylaws permit stockholders to nominate candidates and one of the duties set forth in the nominating and governance committee charter is to consider director candidates submitted by stockholders in accordance with our bylaws. The nominating and governance committee will evaluate individuals recommended by stockholders for nomination as directors according to the criteria discussed above and in accordance with our bylaws and the procedures described under “Stockholder Proposals and Nominations” on page 59 of this proxy statement. You should consult our bylaws for more detailed information regarding the process by which stockholders may nominate directors, including by our newly implemented proxy access provisions.

Review of Director Nominees. In evaluating proposed director candidates, the nominating and governance committee may consider, in addition to any minimum qualifications and other criteria for board of directors membership approved by the board of directors from time to time, all facts and circumstances that it deems appropriate or advisable, including, among other things, the proposed director candidate’s understanding of the company’s business and industry on a technical level, his or her judgment and skills, his or her depth and breadth of professional experience or other background characteristics, his or her independence, his or her willingness to devote the time and effort necessary to be an effective board member, and the needs of the board of directors. We do not have a formal policy with regard to the consideration of diversity in identifying director nominees. However, the board of directors believes that it is essential that its members represent diverse viewpoints, with a broad array of experiences, professions, skills, geographic representation and backgrounds that, when considered as a group, provide a sufficient mix of perspectives to allow the board of directors to best fulfill its responsibilities to the long-term interests of our stockholders. The nominating and governance committee considers at least annually, and recommends to the board of directors suggested changes to, if any, the size, composition, organization and governance of the board of directors and its committees.

Proxy Access

On April 15, 2019, after careful consideration of current trends in corporate governance and input from stockholders, the board of directors amended our bylaws to adopt proxy access on market standard terms. Our proxy access provision allows a stockholder (or a group of up to 20 stockholders) who has held at least 3% of the company’s outstanding shares for three years or more to nominate up to the greater of (i) two directors or (ii) 20% of the total number of directors who are in office as of the last day on which a nomination notice may be submitted, and have these nominations included in our proxy materials. The board of directors adopted proxy access to grant stockholders with a long-term interest in the company a meaningful voice in director nominations.

Board Meetings and Attendance

The board of directors meets on a regularly scheduled basis during the year to review significant developments affecting us and to act on matters requiring their approval. It also holds special meetings when an important matter requires action between scheduled meetings. Members of senior management regularly attend meetings to report on and discuss their areas of responsibility. Executive sessions, excluding management, are also regularly scheduled (see section “Meetings of Independent Directors” below).

During 2018, the board of directors held five meetings, the audit committee held eight meetings, the compensation committee held four meetings, the nominating and governance committee held four meetings, and the strategic investment and acquisition committee held one meeting. In addition, the board of directors and its committees act by unanimous written consent from time to time.

Each director attended at least 75% of all board of directors and applicable committee meetings in 2018. Directors are expected to attend meetings of the board of directors and meetings of committees on which they serve and to spend as much time and meet as frequently as necessary to properly discharge their responsibilities. In addition, directors are encouraged to attend annual meetings of our stockholders; six of our seven directors at the time participated in our 2018 virtual annual meeting and all directors intend to participate in the 2019 virtual annual meeting.

Board Leadership Structure

Under our corporate governance guidelines, the board of directors does not have a policy on whether or not the role of the chairman of the board and chief executive officer should be separate or combined and, if it is to be separate, whether the chairman should be selected from the non-employee directors or be an employee. The board of directors believes that Mr. Sherif’s dual role as both chairman of the board and chief executive officer serves the best interests of both the company and its stockholders. His combined role enables decisive leadership, ensures clear accountability, and enhances the company’s ability to communicate its message and strategy clearly and consistently to the company’s stockholders, employees, customers and suppliers. Mr. Sherif possesses detailed and in-depth knowledge of the issues, opportunities and challenges facing the company and its businesses and is thus best positioned to develop agendas that ensure that the time and attention of the board of directors are focused on the most critical matters. This structure also enables our chief executive officer to act as a bridge between management and the board of directors, helping both to act with a common purpose.

The board of directors appreciates that the advantages gained by having a single chairman and chief executive officer must be viewed in light of potential independence concerns. The board considers, however, that we have adequate safeguards in place to address those concerns. In accordance with our corporate governance guidelines, our board of directors consists of a supermajority of independent directors. In addition, our audit, compensation and nominating and governance committees, which oversee critical matters such as the integrity of our financial statements, the compensation of executive management, the selection and evaluation of directors, and the development and implementation of corporate governance policies, each consist entirely of independent directors.

Lead Independent Director

Robert B. Taylor, a director of the company since 2008 and the current chairman of the audit committee and the nominating and governance committee, has served as lead director since July 2015. Mr. Taylor’s duties and responsibilities as lead director are set forth in our corporate governance guidelines and include (but are not limited to) presiding at all meetings of the board of directors at which the chairman is not present, including executive sessions of the independent directors; serving as a liaison between the chairman and the independent directors; leading the annual CEO evaluation process; and, when appropriate, consulting and directly communicating with stockholders.

Board’s Role in Risk Oversight

Our board of directors as a whole has responsibility for risk oversight, with reviews of certain areas conducted by the relevant committees that report on their deliberations to the board of directors. The oversight responsibility of the board of directors and its committees is enabled by management reporting processes that are designed to provide visibility to the board of directors about the identification, assessment and management of critical risks and management’s risk mitigation strategies. Areas of focus include competitive, economic, operational, financial (accounting, credit, liquidity and tax), legal, regulatory, compliance, cyber security, safety and reputational risks. The board of directors and its committees oversee risks associated with their respective principal areas of focus, as summarized below.

Meetings of Independent Directors

Our governance guidelines provide that the independent directors of the company meet in regularly scheduled executive sessions without management participation, which sessions typically occur in conjunction with the regularly scheduled meetings of the board of directors. Mr. Taylor, as lead director, presides at these meetings.

Outside Advisors

Our board of directors and each of its committees may retain outside advisors and consultants of their choosing at our expense. The board of directors need not obtain management’s consent to retain outside advisors.

Board Effectiveness

Our board of directors performs an annual self-assessment, led by Mr. Taylor in his capacity as lead director, to evaluate its effectiveness in fulfilling its obligations.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our board of directors adopted corporate governance guidelines to assist and guide the directors in the exercise of their responsibilities. These guidelines should be interpreted in accordance with any requirements imposed by applicable federal or state law or regulation, NASDAQ and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws. Our corporate governance guidelines are available in the Governance section of our website at https://investors.medidata.com. Although these guidelines have been approved by the board of directors, it is expected that these guidelines will evolve over time as customary practice and legal requirements change. In particular, guidelines that encompass legal, regulatory or exchange requirements as they currently exist will be deemed to be modified as and to the extent such legal, regulatory or exchange requirements are modified. In addition, the guidelines may also be amended by the board of directors at any time as it deems appropriate.

Stockholder Engagement

We are committed to engaging with our stockholders and soliciting their views and input on important governance, social responsibility, executive compensation and other matters. Our nominating and governance committee is responsible for overseeing the stockholder engagement process and the periodic review and assessment of stockholder input on governance matters. We engage with our stockholders on governance each year outside of the proxy season. Our lead director and other independent directors are available to engage in dialogue with stockholders on matters of significance in order to understand stockholders’ views. In addition, management regularly participates in investor and industry conferences throughout the year to discuss performance and share its perspective on the company and industry developments.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our board of directors adopted a “code of ethics” as defined by regulations promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and the Exchange Act, that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including those officers responsible for financial reporting. The code of ethics is designed to codify the ethical standards that we believe are reasonably designed to deter wrong-doing and to promote, among other things, adherence to the following principles:

We have established procedures to ensure that suspected violations of the code may be reported anonymously. A current copy of our code of ethics is available at https://investors.medidata.com. A copy may also be obtained, free of charge, from us upon a request directed to Medidata Solutions, Inc., 350 Hudson Street, 9^th Floor, New York, New York 10014, c/o Corporate Secretary. We intend to disclose any amendments to or waivers of a provision of the code of ethics granted to directors and officers by posting such information on our website available at www.medidata.com and/or in our public filings with the SEC.

Stockholder Communications with the Board

Stockholders and other interested parties may make their concerns known confidentially to the board of directors or the independent directors by submitting a communication in an envelope addressed to the “Board of Directors,” a specifically named independent director or the “Independent Directors” as a group, in care of the Secretary. All such communications will be conveyed, as applicable, to the full board of directors, the lead director, the specified independent director or the independent directors as a group.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

During 2018, Messrs. Dominguez, Kurtz and McCulloch served as members of our compensation committee. No member of the compensation committee has been an officer or employee of the company, or had any other relationship with us requiring disclosure herein. None of our executive officers serves on the board of directors or compensation committee of a company that has an executive officer that serves on our board of directors or compensation committee.

Director Compensation

The compensation committee has adopted a compensation structure that is applicable to all of our non-employee directors under which each such non-employee director receives the following compensation for service on our board of directors:

In addition, we reimburse our directors for all reasonable expenses incurred for attending meetings and service on our board of directors.

Our non-employee directors are covered by stock ownership guidelines. Under these guidelines, non-employee directors are required to obtain ownership of common stock equal to three times the amount of the annual cash retainer paid to non-employee directors for their service as directors within three years from their date of appointment. All non-employee directors are in compliance with these guidelines as of April 1, 2019. The director stock ownership guidelines are part of our Corporate Governance Guidelines and are available at https://investors.medidata.com.

Other than as provided below, there were no other arrangements pursuant to which any director was compensated during the year ended December 31, 2018 for service as a director. We do not provide any retirement benefits or other perquisites to our directors. Neither of our employee-directors received compensation during 2018 for service as a member of our board.

PROPOSAL 2

ADVISORY VOTE TO APPROVE THE COMPENSATION OF THE NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
(THE “SAY ON PAY VOTE”)

As we do each year, we included a non-binding advisory vote to approve the compensation of the named executive officers (also referred to as a “say on pay vote”) in our 2018 proxy statement. At our 2018 annual meeting of stockholders, our stockholders overwhelmingly approved the proposal, with over 92% of the votes cast voting in favor of the proposal.

In accordance with Section 14A of the Exchange Act, this year we are again asking our stockholders to vote “For” the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in this proxy statement. In considering their vote, stockholders may wish to carefully review our compensation policies and decisions regarding our named executive officers, as described in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis and related executive compensation information beginning on page 27.

We believe that our overall compensation program and philosophy support and help drive long-term value creation, business strategy and operating performance objectives. We ask you to indicate your support for the compensation of our named executive officers as described in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, the compensation tables and the narrative disclosures set forth in this proxy statement.

The board of directors recommends that stockholders vote FOR the following resolution:

“RESOLVED, that the stockholders approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of the company’s named executive officers, as disclosed in this proxy statement, including the Compensation Discussion and Analysis, the executive compensation tables, and the related narrative.”

Because your vote is advisory, it will not be binding upon the board of directors or the compensation committee. However, the board of directors values our stockholders’ opinions, and the compensation committee will take into account the outcome of the vote when considering future executive compensation arrangements.

Board Recommendation

Our board of directors recommends an advisory vote FOR the approval of the compensation of the named executive officers.

PROPOSAL 3

APPROVAL OF AN AMENDMENT TO THE
AMENDED AND RESTATED 2017 LONG-TERM INCENTIVE PLAN

General

Our board of directors, based on the recommendation of the compensation committee, has approved an amendment to the Amended and Restated 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2017 LTIP”), subject to approval by our stockholders at the Annual Meeting, to authorize an additional 2,300,000 shares under the 2017 LTIP. In connection with its review of this proposal, the board of directors and compensation committee considered the information described below, as well as the favorable recommendation of Radford (Aon Hewitt’s technology compensation consulting group), the compensation committee’s independent compensation consultant.

Under the 2017 LTIP we are currently authorized to issue up to 2,500,000 shares of our common stock, plus the number of shares, if any, that cease to be subject to outstanding awards made under the 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2009 LTIP”) without the issuance of shares (for example, due to forfeiture, stock-based withholding, termination or cash settlement). This year, we are asking our stockholders to approve an amendment to the 2017 LTIP that will, subject to stockholder approval, increase the number of shares of common stock that we may issue under the 2017 LTIP by 2,300,000 shares, from 2,500,000 to 4,800,000 shares.

Stockholder approval of the amendment to the 2017 LTIP would allow us to continue making various forms of equity- and cash-based incentive compensation awards to our officers, employees and other eligible personnel. Our ability to make such awards has been and would continue to be a material element of our overall compensation program. As of April 1, 2019, assuming all of the outstanding awards are fully settled in shares, we would only be able to grant awards for approximately 356,483 shares. If the amendment to the 2017 LTIP is approved by our stockholders, it will become immediately effective as of May 29, 2019, with approximately 2,600,000 shares remaining available for issuance pursuant to new awards under the 2017 LTIP. This excludes any shares that may become available again in connection with forfeited or terminated awards, including shares that are withheld by the company to satisfy any tax withholding obligations with respect to vesting of a restricted stock or restricted stock unit award (but not for exercise of stock options or stock appreciation rights). We expect that if the amendment to the 2017 LTIP is approved by our stockholders, the additional shares under the 2017 LTIP will be sufficient to allow us to make equity awards in the amounts we believe are necessary for the remainder of 2019 and the next calendar year (through December 31, 2020).

Medidata operates in a challenging marketplace in which its success depends to a great extent on its ability to attract and retain employees of the highest caliber. Long-term equity and other forms of incentive compensation are key components of our overall compensation program. The board of directors believes that our ability to grant equity-based incentive compensation under the 2017 LTIP enables us to meet several objectives that are important to the success and growth of our business, including, for example, fostering an ownership mentality that aligns the interests of our leadership, employees and other personnel with those of our stockholders, and enabling us to attract, motivate, reward and retain talented individuals whose skills, experience and efforts are essential to the continuing success and development of our business and the enhancement of stockholder value. In determining the number of shares being requested, we considered our historical burn rate, as well as the publicly disclosed views and guidelines of independent shareholder advisory firms and compensation professionals.

We believe that our equity share reserve increase proposal reflects a judicious use of equity for compensation purposes and is reasonable based on the equity practices of comparable technology companies focused on attracting talent to grow their businesses. We have been advised that proxy advisory firms like Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”) and Glass Lewis will use our Global Industry Classification Standard (“GICS”) group (3510 - Health Care Equipment & Services) to evaluate our equity practices. The vast majority of companies in our GICS group are engaged in entirely different and unrelated businesses. The companies in the 3510 GICS group contain only a very small sample of our selected peer group companies and other technology companies against whom we compete for talent. Accordingly, we encourage stockholders to consider our proposal based on the annual burn rates, total dilution, and equity expenses of comparable technology companies, which we believe are more meaningful than comparisons to the GICS group that may be used by proxy advisory firms.

If the amendment to the 2017 LTIP is not approved, we will soon run out of shares available under our 2017 LTIP and lose what has become an indispensable part of our compensation program. The board of directors believes we would therefore face serious challenges to our ability to attract and retain key executives, employees and other key personnel which, if not otherwise addressed, would adversely affect our business. In short, the board of directors believes strongly that approval of the amendment to the 2017 LTIP is in the best interests of our company and our stockholders and that, if the amendment to the 2017 LTIP is not approved, our business and the interests of our stockholders may be harmed.

Why Should You Vote to Approve the Amendment to the 2017 LTIP?

The board of directors recommends that our stockholders vote for the approval of the amendment to the 2017 LTIP for the reasons summarized below.

The following table sets forth information regarding historical awards granted for the 2016-18 period and the corresponding burn rate, which is defined as the number of shares subject to options and time-based restricted stock and PBRSUs (at target) granted each year divided by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for that year.

so that the achievement of the maximum performance levels can only be attained when business results are exceptional. As a consequence, we are unable to utilize shares that have been reserved in excess of our actual needs until our performance relative to the applicable criteria has been finally determined. This reduces the equity otherwise available for grant, and necessitates that our shareholders approve additional shares for grant under our equity plans.

Equity Incentive Program Metrics

The following table provides certain additional information regarding our equity incentive program, excluding our employee stock purchase plan.

Summary of the 2017 LTIP

A summary of the principal features of the 2017 LTIP is set forth below. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the 2017 LTIP, as it is proposed to be amended, set forth in Exhibit A.

Purpose. The purpose of the 2017 LTIP is to enable us to provide equity-based and other incentive compensation opportunities to recruit, motivate, reward and retain key executives, employees and other qualified persons who contribute or are expected to contribute to the success and growth of our company.

Types of Award; Eligibility. The 2017 LTIP would enable us to grant non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other forms of equity-based awards and performance-based cash incentive awards to our and any of our subsidiaries’ employees, non-employee directors, consultants, independent contractors and other service providers and to grant “incentive stock options” (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code) to our and any of our subsidiaries’ employees. We estimate that, as of April 1, 2019, the total number of eligible employees and directors was 2,027; and a total of 1,056 employees and directors hold outstanding equity awards.

Authorized Shares; Share-Counting Rules. If the proposed amendment is approved, we would be able to issue up to 4,800,000 shares of our common stock under the 2017 LTIP, plus the number of shares, if any, that cease to be subject to outstanding awards made under the 2009 LTIP without the issuance of shares (for example, due to forfeiture, share-based withholding, termination or cash settlement). The following share counting rules will apply to determine the number of shares that are available at any time for issuance of awards under the 2017 LTIP:

The maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to “incentive stock options” (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code) is 1,000,000.

Individual Award Limitations. No more than 300,000 shares may be covered by awards granted to any individual in any calendar year. The maximum performance-based cash incentive award that may be earned by any individual for any calendar year is $4,000,000.

Adjustments for Capital Changes. In the event of a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, extraordinary cash dividend or other capital change involving the outstanding shares of our common stock, the aggregate number of shares that may be issued under the 2017 LTIP, the number of Shares that may be issued pursuant to “incentive stock options,” the calendar year share limitation on individual awards, the number, class and exercise price of shares covered by outstanding awards and performance goals expressed in or with respect to shares will be subject to equitable adjustment in order to avoid undue dilution or enlargement of the benefits available under the 2017 LTIP and any outstanding awards.

Administration. In general, subject to the terms of the 2017 LTIP, the compensation committee of the board of directors, acting in its discretion, has full authority and responsibility for administering the 2017 LTIP. The compensation committee may select the persons who receive awards, determine the types of awards to be granted, and prescribe the terms and conditions of such awards. The compensation committee is also responsible for construing, interpreting and applying the provisions of the 2017 LTIP and of any award made under the 2017 LTIP. We will indemnify the members of the compensation committee and others to whom authority is delegated for claims they may incur in connection with the administration of the 2017 LTIP, unless attributable to fraud or willful misconduct. Decisions and determinations of the compensation committee under the 2017 LTIP will be final and binding on all persons. Each award made under the 2017 LTIP must have a vesting period of at least one year from the date the award is granted, provided that the compensation committee may prescribe a shorter vesting period with respect to awards covering up to 5% of the shares issuable under the plan.

Stock Options. Stock options granted under the 2017 LTIP may be classified as “incentive stock options” (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code) or as non-qualified options (i.e., options which do not qualify as “incentive stock options”). The exercise price of any stock option granted under the 2017 LTIP must be at least equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the date the option is granted (110% of fair market value in the case of “incentive stock options” granted to ten percent stockholders). The maximum term permitted for an option granted under the 2017 LTIP is ten years (five years in the case of “incentive stock options” granted to ten percent stockholders). Participants who hold stock options have no rights as a stockholder with respect to the underlying shares unless and until such shares are acquired pursuant to the exercise of the options.

Stock Appreciation Rights. A stock appreciation right provides the recipient with the right to receive the appreciation in the fair market value of our common stock between the date the stock appreciation right is granted and the date it is exercised. Settlement of a vested stock appreciation right will be made in the form of shares of our common stock and/or cash. The maximum term of a stock appreciation right granted under the 2017 LTIP is ten years. Participants who hold stock appreciation rights have no rights as a stockholder with respect to the underlying shares unless, until and except to the extent such shares are acquired pursuant to the exercise of the stock appreciation rights.

Restricted Stock. The compensation committee may grant restricted stock awards under the 2017 LTIP, pursuant to which shares of our common stock are issued to the recipient subject to specified vesting and other terms and conditions. In general, the holder of restricted shares has the right to vote such shares and does not have the right to receive dividends on unvested shares, although the compensation committee may award dividend equivalents subject to the same vesting, forfeiture and payment terms and conditions that apply to the restricted shares. In general, if the recipient of a restricted stock award terminates employment or service, any unvested shares will be forfeited.

Restricted Stock Units. The compensation committee may grant restricted stock units representing a contingent right to receive shares of our common stock in the future, subject to specified vesting and other terms and conditions. Vested restricted stock units may be settled in cash and/or shares of our common stock. The holder of restricted stock units may not vote or receive dividends with respect to the underlying shares before the units become vested and the shares are issued. The compensation committee may provide for the crediting of dividend equivalents with respect to restricted stock units, subject to the same vesting and payment conditions applicable to the corresponding restricted stock units. In general, if the recipient of restricted stock units terminates employment or service, any unvested restricted stock units (and related dividend equivalents) will be forfeited.

Other Forms of Stock Award; Performance-Based Cash Incentive Awards. The compensation committee may grant other forms of award under the 2017 LTIP that are denominated or payable in, valued in whole or in part by reference to, or otherwise based upon or related to, shares of our common stock, including, for example, performance share awards, performance unit awards, stock bonus awards and dividend equivalent awards. Any such other awards will be settled in the form of cash and/or shares and will be subject to any vesting and other terms and conditions prescribed by the compensation committee. In addition, the 2017 LTIP authorizes the compensation committee to make annual and/or long-term cash incentive awards that are contingent on the achievement of pre-established performance goals and such other conditions as the compensation committee may prescribe.

Transferability of Awards. In general, awards made under the 2017 LTIP may not be transferred or assigned, except under certain circumstances as may be permitted by the compensation committee.

No Repricing of Awards. Without the approval of our stockholders, we may not (a) reduce the exercise price of options or stock appreciation rights, (b) cancel outstanding options or stock appreciation rights in exchange for options or stock appreciation rights with a lower exercise price or (c) cancel options or stock appreciation rights in exchange for cash or securities at a time when the per share exercise price is higher than the per share fair market value of our common stock.

Payment of Exercise Price and Tax Withholding. In general, the exercise price under a stock option and tax withholding obligation resulting from the exercise or settlement of an option or other award may be satisfied in cash and/or in such other ways as the compensation committee may permit, including, for example, by the participant’s delivery of previously-owned shares, broker-assisted cashless exercise or by our issuing a net number of shares pursuant to which we hold back shares that would otherwise be issued in connection with such exercise or settlement.

Change in Control. If, in connection with a “change in control” (as defined in the 2017 LTIP), existing awards are substituted by or converted into substantially equivalent awards for stock of the successor or acquiring company, then the substitute or converted awards will generally remain governed by the vesting and other terms and conditions of the original awards, subject to special rules applicable to performance-based earnout and vesting conditions. Vesting of such substitute or converted awards will accelerate, however, if, within two years after the change in control, the participant’s employment is terminated by the successor or acquiring company without “cause” (as defined in the 2017 LTIP). If an existing award is not so substituted or converted in connection with a change in control, then the existing award will become fully vested immediately prior to the change in control, subject to special rules in the case of performance-based earnout and vesting conditions. To the extent not previously exercised or settled, an award that is not substituted or converted will be canceled at the time of the change in control in exchange for the right to receive the change in control transaction value of the award over the exercise price under the award, if any.

Amendment and Termination. The board of directors may amend or terminate the 2017 LTIP, provided such action does not have an adverse effect on any then outstanding awards. Amendments to the 2017 LTIP will be subject to stockholder approval if such approval is necessary in order to satisfy applicable legal or stock

exchange listing requirements. Unless sooner terminated, the 2017 LTIP will expire on May 30, 2027 (the tenth anniversary of the date the orginal plan received approval by our stockholders). Awards outstanding at the time of the termination or expiration of the 2017 LTIP will remain outstanding in accordance with their terms.

Certain U.S. Income Tax Consequences

The following is a general summary under current law of material federal income tax consequences applicable to awards made under our 2017 LTIP. This summary does not address other tax considerations, such as state, local and foreign taxes. The 2017 LTIP is not subject to any provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. This discussion is intended for general informational purposes only and not as tax advice or guidance to any participant or other person.

Non-qualified Stock Options. A non-qualified stock option is an option that does not qualify as an “incentive stock option” under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code. The grant of a nonqualified stock option is not a taxable event. In general, a participant who exercises a nonqualified stock option will realize ordinary income on the date the option is exercised equal to the excess of the value of the shares acquired on that date over the option exercise price paid for the shares, and we will be entitled to a corresponding deduction, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. The participant’s tax basis for the shares will be equal to the value of the shares on the date the option is exercised, and the participant’s holding period for the shares will begin on that date. Gain or loss on a subsequent sale of the shares will be long- or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on whether the sale occurs more than one year after the participant’s holding period begins.

Incentive Stock Options. In general, no taxable event will occur upon either the grant or exercise of an option that qualifies as an “incentive stock option” under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code (although the exercise may have alternative minimum tax consequences to the participant). A participant will realize taxable income (or loss) when shares acquired upon the exercise of an “incentive stock option” are subsequently sold. If the participant sells the shares more than two years after the date the option is granted and more than one year after the date the option is exercised, any gain or loss realized on the sale will be long-term capital gain or loss, and we will not be entitled to a deduction. If the participant sells the shares before the end of either of those two holding periods, any gain realized on the sale will be taxable as ordinary income to the extent that the value of the shares on the date the option is exercised exceeds the option exercise price paid for the shares, and any remaining gain will be capital gain. In general, we will be entitled to a deduction equal to any ordinary income realized by the participant upon the sale of the shares, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code.

Stock Appreciation Rights. The grant of a stock appreciation right is not a taxable event. In general, a participant will realize ordinary income when a stock appreciation right is exercised, equal to the value of the shares of our Common Stock and/or the amount of cash received by the participant in connection with such exercise, and we will be entitled to a corresponding deduction, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. The participant’s tax basis for any such shares will be equal to the value of the shares on the date the stock appreciation right is exercised, and the participant’s holding period for the shares will begin on that date. Gain or loss on a subsequent sale of the shares will be long- or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on whether the sale occurs more than one year after the participant’s holding period begins.

Restricted Stock. In general, a participant who receives shares of restricted stock will not realize taxable income unless and until the shares become vested, at which time the participant will realize ordinary income equal to the then fair market value of the vested shares and we will be entitled to a corresponding deduction, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. The participant’s tax basis for the shares will be equal to their fair market value on the vesting date and, upon a subsequent sale of the vested shares, the participant will realize long- or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on whether the sale occurs more than one year after the vesting date (when ordinary income was realized). A participant may make an early income election within 30 days after he or she receives an award of restricted stock, in which case the participant will realize ordinary income on the date of the award equal to the fair market value of the shares on that date (determined without regard to the restrictions), and we would be entitled to a corresponding deduction, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. If an early income election is made, no income would be realized if and when the shares become vested. Gain realized upon a subsequent sale of vested shares that were covered by an early income election—equal to the difference between the selling price and the fair market value of the shares on the date of the restricted stock award—will be treated as long- or short-term

capital gain, depending on whether the sale occurs more than one year after the award date. Special rules may limit the deductibility of a loss if the selling price is less than the fair market value of the shares on the original award date.

Restricted Stock Units and Other Awards. In general, a participant who receives shares of our Common Stock and/or cash in settlement of a restricted stock unit award will realize ordinary income equal to the then value of the shares and/or the amount of cash he or she received, and we will have a corresponding deduction, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. Similarly, if a participant receives cash and/or shares pursuant to a performance unit, performance share or other form of award under 2017 LTIP, he or she will realize ordinary income upon such receipt equal to the then fair market value of the shares and/or the amount of cash received, and we will be entitled to a corresponding deduction, subject to the limitations of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. A participant’s tax basis in any such shares will generally be equal to the value of the shares on the date that ordinary income is realized, and the participant’s tax holding period for the shares will generally begin on that date. Gain or loss on a subsequent sale of the shares will be long- or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on whether the sale occurs more than one year after the participant’s holding period begins.

Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code, as in effect prior to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Cuts Act”) in December 2017, generally imposed a $1 million deduction limit on compensation paid by a publicly held company to its chief executive officer and each of the company’s three other most highly compensated named executive officers (other than the chief financial officer). This deduction limit did not apply to certain “performance-based compensation” (within the meaning of Section 162(m)). Performance-based compensation, such as that paid pursuant to the 2017 LTIP for service prior to 2018, was exempt from this deduction limitation if the company met specified requirements set forth in IRS and applicable treasury regulations. The Tax Cuts Act amended Section 162(m), effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. The Tax Cuts Act retained the $1 million deduction limit but repealed the performance-based compensation exemption from the $1 million deduction limit and expanded the number of executives covered by the $1 million limit. These amendments are discussed in more detail in the Compensation Discussion and Analysis starting on page 27 below.

Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. If an award is subject to Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code (which relates to nonqualified deferred compensation plans), and if the requirements of Section 409A are not met, the taxable events as described above could apply earlier than described, and could result in the imposition of additional taxes and penalties to the participants. It is anticipated that all awards made in compliance with the terms of the 2017 LTIP will be exempt from the application of Section 409A or will comply with the requirements of Section 409A in order to avoid such early taxation and additional taxes and penalties.

New Plan Benefits

Future grants under the 2017 LTIP will be made at the discretion of the compensation committee and, accordingly, are not yet determinable. In addition, benefits under the 2017 LTIP will depend on a number of factors, including the fair market value of our common stock on future dates. Consequently, it is not possible to determine the benefits that might be received by participants in connection with grants under the 2017 LTIP.

Vote Required

Approval of the amendment to our Amended and Restated 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of common stock present (including electronically) or represented by proxy and entitled to vote on the matter. Abstentions from voting on this proposal will have the practical effect of a vote against this proposal because an abstention results in one less vote for the proposal. Broker non-votes will have no effect on this proposal.

Board Recommendation

Our board of directors recommends that the stockholders approve the amendment to the Amended and Restated 2017 Long-Term Incentive Plan.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the persons serving as executive officers of Medidata as of April 1, 2019.

Set forth below is a brief description of the business experience of our executive officers who are not also directors of Medidata.

Rouven Bergmann has served as our chief financial officer in May 2015, bringing with him significant software business experience in corporate strategy, managing growth, risk and performance management, and financial planning and reporting. Prior to joining the company, Dr. Bergmann worked in various leadership positions at SAP, most recently serving as chief financial officer of SAP North America from March 2014 to April 2015. Dr. Bergmann previously served as chief operating officer for SAP’s global R&D organization (2012-2014), chief financial officer for SAP’s technology, innovation and cloud division (2010-2012), chief financial officer for SAP’s Business Objects division (2008-2010), chief financial officer for SAP India (2007-2008) and led SAP’s corporate financial planning & analysis process (2005-2007). Dr. Bergmann earned masters degrees in mechanical engineering and business administration from Technical University of Kaiserslautern in Germany and a PhD in economics and finance from the University of Munich in Germany.

Jill Larsen has served as our executive vice president – human resources and chief human resources officer since April 2018. Jill has over 20 years of experience establishing and transforming human resources and talent strategies at global, high-tech companies. Prior to joining us, Ms. Larsen served as senior vice president of talent acquisition and human resources at Cisco Systems, from 2013 to 2018. She also held executive HR leadership roles at Dell EMC, and was chief human resources officer of RSA, the security divison of EMC. Ms. Larsen is PHR certified and holds a B.A. in communications and English from Boston College, and holds an MBA in Human Resources Management from Emmanuel College.

Michael Otner has served as our general counsel and corporate secretary since November 2007 and was promoted to executive vice president in February 2013. Prior to joining us, Mr. Otner served as associate general counsel, vice president and assistant secretary of The BISYS Group, Inc. from 2005 to 2007, where he was responsible for a broad range of SEC and general corporate matters, as well as legal support for the company’s private equity services business. Mr. Otner previously held various counsel roles of increasing responsibility at GlobespanVirata, Inc. and Conexant Systems, Inc., including serving as general counsel at both companies. Mr. Otner began his legal career specializing in corporate and securities law at Olshan (formerly, Olshan Grundman Frome Rosenzweig & Wolosky LLP), a law firm based in New York City. Mr. Otner holds a J.D. from Case Western Reserve University School of Law and a B.B.A. in marketing from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Michael Pray has served as our executive vice president − general manager of global sales since October 2016. Mr. Pray is responsible for leading global sales go-to-market strategy and execution, which includes field and technical sales, inside sales, CRO partner sales and professional services sales. Michael brings more than 25 years of technology and sales leadership experience to the company, with a proven track record of scaling global sales organizations that gain market share. Prior to joining us, Mr. Pray served as chief revenue officer of Tangoe from July 2015 to October 2016, where he was responsible for revenue, demand generation, new business development, alliances, client retention, and overall go-to-market strategy. Prior to that, Mr. Pray spent 14 years at IBM where he held several executive positions, including vice president of IBM Analytic Solution Sales, and vice president of Enterprise Content Management Sales for IBM Software Group. Mr. Pray earned a Bachelor’s degree from the University of Michigan.

Daniel Shannon has served as our executive vice president – global professional services and customer success since October 2014, after serving as our senior vice president – professional services from January 2011 through October 2014, and as our as vice president, implementation services, from June 2005 through January 2011. Prior to joining us, Mr. Shannon held positions with IBM Business Consulting Services, PricewaterhouseCoopers Management Consulting and Schering-Plough. Mr. Shannon first began his clinical research career as a scientist designing and delivering preclinical and Phase I trials, followed by several years of consulting pharmaceutical and biotechnology organizations on best practices in clinical development. Mr. Shannon received his BA in chemistry from Rutgers University and holds an MS in environmental science from the New Jersey Institute of Technology and an MBA from the Fuqua School of Business at Duke University.

Compensation Discussion and Analysis

This Compensation Discussion and Analysis (“CD&A”) is intended to assist our stockholders in understanding our executive compensation program by providing an overview of our executive compensation-related philosophy, policies, practices, and decisions. It also explains how we determined the material elements of compensation for our “named executive officers” (as in accordance with SEC rules), who for 2018 were:

Specifically, this CD&A provides an overview of our executive compensation philosophy, the overall objectives of our executive compensation program, and each compensation element that we provide to our named executive officers. In addition, it explains how and why our compensation committee arrived at specific compensation decisions for 2018 for our named executive officers. It should be read together with the executive compensation tables and related disclosures set forth below. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current plans, considerations, expectations and determinations regarding future compensation programs.

To assist our stockholders in locating important information, this CD&A is organized as follows:

Overview

Medidata is focused on clinical development in life sciences, using the latest technology to help our clients bring their new treatments to the public. Our leaders and employees are critical to the achievement of our mission and purpose. Our values include teamwork, integrity and collaboration and are built upon a culture of accountability and results orientation. The goal of our executive compensation program is to attract, motivate and retain industry-best executive talent. We believe that executive compensation should support our company strategy and business objectives and encourage increased stockholder value. We maintain compensation plans and

arrangements that link executive compensation to the achievement of key financial measures, including revenue and profitability, and other stockholder value creation measures. To achieve our objectives, we use a mix of compensation elements including base salary, performance-based cash incentives, long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards and employee benefits.

2018 Business Highlights

We demonstrated strong financial and business performance in 2018:

Total Stockholder Return

Our one-year total stockholder return (TSR) (measured by comparing the closing price of our common stock on NASDAQ on December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2017) was approximately 6.4%. Our three-year TSR (measured by comparing our closing price on December 31, 2018 vs. December 31, 2015) was approximately 36.8%.

2018 Say-on-Pay Vote

We conducted an advisory vote on the 2017 compensation of our named executive officers (a “say-on-pay” vote) at our 2018 annual meeting of stockholders. Over 92% of the shares that were voted on this proposal were cast in favor of our named executive officers’ compensation.

2018 Executive Compensation Summary

Consistent with our performance and compensation philosophy, the compensation committee took the following actions with respect to our named executive officers’ 2018 compensation:

Emphasis on Variable and Performance-Based Compensation

The annual compensation earned by our executive officers, including our named executive officers, varies from year to year based on our corporate financial and operational results and individual performance. Consistent with our compensation philosophy, our executive compensation program emphasizes “variable” pay (including an annual cash bonus opportunity under our annual bonus plan and long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards for which the value will fluctuate based on our stock price) over “fixed” pay (in the form of base salary) and seeks to balance short-term and long-term incentives, as well as performance-based and time-based incentives to align executive compensation to shareholder interests.

As illustrated in the following chart, 93.0% of the target total direct compensation of our CEO and our President in 2018 consisted of variable pay, with only 7.0% classified as fixed pay.

The compensation committee believes that our executive compensation program continues to reflect a strong “pay-for-performance” orientation and is well-aligned with the interests of our stockholders, as reflected in the chart above. A significant portion of the target total direct compensation of our named executive officers is performance-based, with the realization of compensation dependent upon the achievement of our performance objectives designed to enhance stockholder value.

Performance-based pay, consisting of target annual cash bonuses and performance-based restricted stock units (“PBRSUs”), made up approximately 63% of target total direct compensation for each of our CEO and President in 2018. The PBRSUs granted in 2018 (“2018 PBRSU Awards”) will be earned at the end of a three-year performance period, with one-half of the award vesting based on our achievement of performance goals based on our GAAP Net Income Attainment subject to certain limited adjustments over a three-year performance period ending December 31, 2020, and one-half of the award vesting based on our relative three-year TSR (December 31, 2017 – December 31, 2020) compared to the Russell 2000 Index. Non-performance based pay, consisting of base salary and time-based restricted stock, made up the other approximately 37% of target pay for each of our CEO and President for 2018.

Similar allocations apply to our other executive officers, including our other named executive officers, except that approximately 50% of their annual awards are in the form of shares of restricted stock with time-based vesting and the other approximately 50% of their annual awards are in the form of PBRSUs. The following chart shows the percentages of target performance-based pay versus non-performance-based pay for our CEO and our other named executive officers determined in February 2018:

Executive Compensation Best Practices

We endeavor to maintain best practices in our executive compensation program, including compensation-related corporate governance standards, consistent with our executive compensation philosophy. During 2018, the following executive compensation policies and practices were in place, promoting overall corporate performance and behaviors that serve our stockholders’ long-term interests:

What We Do

What We Do Not Do

Compensation Philosophy and Guiding Principles

Our executive compensation programs are designed to:

To achieve these objectives, our executive compensation program provides a mix of compensation elements, including base salary, annual cash bonus opportunities, long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards, and broad-based employee benefits. In addition to these key elements of compensation, our executive compensation program includes “double-trigger” termination change in control protections.

In summary, our “pay-for-performance” philosophy places a much greater emphasis on the at-risk earnings of our named executive officers so that their interests fully align with the interests of our stockholders. The compensation committee therefore awards significant levels of at-risk compensation in the form of performance-based equity awards that are directly tied to our financial performance and the creation of stockholder value. The weighting among the compensation components is structured such that a majority of an executive officer’s target total direct compensation will be incentive-based (annual cash bonuses and equity awards), rather than fixed (base salary). Our compensation committee believes that this structure strongly emphasizes the performance-based, shareholder-aligned nature of our compensation program.

CEO and President Compensation

The compensation committee considers the company fortunate to have, in Messrs. Sherif and de Vries, founders who have provided continuous leadership and guidance as co-leaders of the company. Given the long-term complementary nature of their co-leadership responsibilities, which continues to provide strong vision, purpose, continuity and stability to our company culture and results, the compensation committee has determined that it is appropriate to compensate them at a commensurate level. To reflect this unique management structure and to prevent compensating each of our co-leaders at the higher “chief executive officer” level, when developing compensation recommendations for our CEO and President, the compensation committee considers the average pay of the two highest-paid executives at the companies in our compensation peer group with separate CEO and President positions.

Compensation-Setting Process

At the direction of our board of directors, the compensation committee endeavors to ensure that the compensation programs for the executive officers of the company and its subsidiaries are competitive and consistent with market practice to attract and retain key executives critical to our long-term success. The compensation committee ensures that the compensation is attractive to key executives with the background and experience needed for our future growth. The compensation committee believes that our overall financial performance and long-term stockholder value should be the most important factors in determining the total compensation of our executive officers. At the executive officer level, the compensation committee has a policy that a significant proportion of target total direct compensation should consist of variable, performance-based components, such as PBRSU awards and annual cash bonuses, which can increase or decrease to reflect changes in company and individual performance.

The compensation committee evaluates the total compensation of our executive officers, including our named executive officers, in light of information regarding the compensation practices and corporate financial performance of similar companies in our peer group. Market compensation levels are important inputs into the decision-making process. Additional factors considered include job scope, individual skills/experience, relative importance of the individual’s role, internal pay equity, historical pay levels, equity holdings, and recent company performance.

Role of the Compensation Committee

The compensation committee determines all compensation for our CEO and President and (taking into account our CEO’s recommendation) also for our other executive officers, including base salaries, annual cash bonuses and long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards. The compensation committee directs management, including our CEO, to prepare reports and recommendations for the review, discussion, modification and final approval by the compensation committee with respect to various aspects of our executive officers’ total compensation. The compensation committee believes, for example, that the executive officers have greater day-to-day insight into the key metrics on which company performance should be evaluated. Consequently, the compensation committee directs our CEO, and for certain matters, our CFO or executive vice president – human resources, to prepare recommendations with respect to appropriate qualitative and quantitative criteria on which our executive officers’ performance might be based. In the case of determining the compensation of our CEO and President, the compensation committee meets outside the presence of our CEO and President.

The compensation committee considers many factors in setting pay levels. Factors considered in setting the compensation levels for individual executive officers include the executive’s experience, role and responsibilities, past performance, expected future contributions, criticality to the organization, competitive market data and internal equity between executives.

When reviewing external market data, the compensation committee generally considers the middle two quartiles (i.e., from the 25^th to the 75^th percentiles) as the competitive “market,” but does not specifically target a specific pay percentile for setting compensation levels because it considers multiple market sources (which do not always agree with one another), and our executive officers’ positions and responsibilities do not always match well with the positions referenced in the market data. Rather, the purpose of this analysis is to determine whether the compensation offered to each executive officer, both in total and with respect to each of the constituent components, is competitive with the applicable market comparables that the compensation committee has reviewed for the corresponding period. Where total compensation or a specific component of compensation is not within a competitive range, the compensation committee uses the competitive market data as one factor in making its compensation decision, but may also take into account factors specific to an executive officer as described in the previous paragraph.

The compensation committee considers these reports and recommendations in discharging its duties with respect to reviewing and setting the compensation of our executive officers, including our named executive officers. Other resources that our compensation committee may rely upon include the individual director’s respective experience and recommendations, recommendations of Radford, and competitive market data provided by Radford or management.

Role of our CEO and Other Management

Generally, our internal personnel responsible for our compensation analysis attend a portion of each compensation committee meeting and leave before certain executive sessions. No executive officer is present or participates directly in the compensation committee final determinations regarding the amount of any component of his or her own compensation. However, given his responsibilities for managing the performance of our executive officers, our CEO plays a primary role in establishing the performance goals for, and evaluating the performance of, our other executive officers. The compensation committee solicits and considers his evaluations and recommendations, including his recommendations regarding compensation each year.

Role of Compensation Consultant

The compensation committee has the authority under its charter to engage the services of outside advisors, experts and others to assist the committee. For purposes of its 2018 executive compensation review, the compensation committee directly retained the services of Radford, a subsidiary of Aon plc, as compensation consultants to assist in its evaluation of executive and director compensation. Radford reviewed and advised on all principal aspects of the executive compensation program, including, but not limited to:

For 2018, Radford also assisted the compensation committee with our equity compensation strategy, including the appropriate mix and weight of different equity vehicles. Representatives of Radford attend meetings of the compensation committee as requested and also communicate with the compensation committee outside of meetings. Radford reports to the compensation committee rather than to management, although Radford will meet with members of management for purposes of reviewing the market data it compiles and analyzes, gathering information on current compensation practices and providing feedback to management on proposals that management may make to the compensation committee. As part of its engagement, Radford also assists with reviewing and advising on compensation-related disclosures.

In 2018, management retained Aon plc or its affiliates for consulting services with respect to employee benefits and compensation at an aggregate cost of approximately $593,000 ($191,000 was paid directly, with the remaining balance paid indirectly by third party employee benefits vendors in the form of commissions. A portion of the commission revenue received by Aon covers the cost of outsourced administration services for our benefits plans in the United States.). Although the compensation committee was aware of the nature of these other services provided by Aon plc or its affiliates and the Radford survey data, the compensation committee did not review and approve such services, as they were reviewed and approved by management in the ordinary course of business. Based on a consideration of various factors, the compensation committee does not believe that its relationship with Radford and the work of Radford and its affiliates on behalf of the compensation committee and management have raised any conflict of interest. The compensation committee reviews these factors and receives written confirmation from Radford stating its belief that it remains an independent compensation consultant to the compensation committee.

The compensation committee may replace Radford or hire additional advisors at any time. Based on the consideration of the various factors as set forth in the rules of the SEC and NASDAQ, the compensation committee has determined that Radford is independent and does not believe that its relationship with Radford and the work of Radford on behalf of the compensation committee have raised any conflict of interest.

Compensation Peer Group

In the course of its deliberations, the compensation committee assesses our executive compensation program and each individual element of compensation against the competitive market, as represented by a group of publicly-traded peer companies. In September 2017, with the assistance of Radford, the compensation committee evaluated and updated our compensation peer group using the following criteria (which are the same criteria that were used in the prior peer group review in August 2016):

As a result of this process, the compensation committee approved an updated compensation peer group in September 2017, consisting of the following 18 companies:

Revenues of the compensation peer group ranged from $344 million to $1.1 billion, with a median of $595 million, for the four quarters completed as of June 30, 2017; market capitalization of the peer group ranged from $1.1 billion to $10.7 billion, with a median of $4.2 billion, as of August 4, 2017; and headcount of the peer group ranged from 1,124 to 5,305 employees, with a median of 2,550 employees, as of the end of each company’s most recently completed year. Our revenue for the same four quarters was $486 million, our market capitalization as of August 4, 2017 was $4.6 billion, and we had 1,424 employees at the time of the 2017 peer group evaluation.

The compensation committee conducted another peer group review, with the assistance of Radford, using similar criteria in July 2018, to be used in connection with its compensation deliberations with respect to 2019. The July 2018 review resulted in the removal of three companies (Bottomline Technologies, BroadSoft and Manhattan Associates) from, and the addition of five companies (Box, Inc., Pivotal Software, Inc., RingCentral, Inc., Splunk Inc. and Zendesk, Inc.) to the peer group, which numbers 20 companies.

The compensation committee intends to continue reviewing the compensation peer group annually, recognizing that our compensation policies and practices must be competitive in the marketplace, aligned to a relevant set of peer companies, and this peer group information is useful in assessing the reasonableness and appropriateness of individual executive compensation elements and of our overall executive compensation packages. This information is only one of several factors that the compensation committee considers, however, in making its decisions with respect to the compensation of our executive officers.

Compensation Elements

The three primary elements of our executive compensation programs are: (1) base salary, (2) annual cash bonus opportunities, and (3) long-term incentive compensation in the form of equity awards, as described below:

Base Salary

In 2018, the compensation committee reviewed the base salaries of our executive officers, including our named executive officers, focusing on the competitiveness of these salaries, based on compensation survey data and our select peer group. Based on that information, a review of each named executive officer’s performance, the recommendations of our CEO (other than with respect to his base salary and the base salary of our President), and the factors described above, the compensation committee approved base salary increases for certain of the named executive officers.

The base salaries of our named executive officers for 2018 were set as follows:

Annual Cash Bonuses

Performance-based cash bonuses are paid to our executive officers, including our named executive officers, based on the achievement of corporate performance objectives and a qualitative assessment of the executive officer’s individual performance, each as determined by the compensation committee. These corporate objectives may change from year to year as our company and market conditions continue to evolve and different priorities are established in the discretion of the compensation committee. Annual cash bonuses are paid to reward achievement of critical operating, financial, strategic and individual measures and goals that are expected to contribute to stockholder value creation over time.

The cash bonuses paid for the 2018 performance of our CEO and President were determined by the compensation committee based solely on the achievement of corporate financial performance objectives, the cash bonus for the 2018 performance of our head of sales was determined by the compensation committee based 25% on the achievement of corporate financial performance objectives and 75% on the achievement of individual sales performance objectives, and the cash bonuses for the 2018 performance of each of our other named executive officers were determined by the compensation committee based 75% on the achievement of corporate financial performance objectives and 25% on the achievement of individual performance objectives, which were established based on his or her individual responsibilities.

Target Bonus Opportunities

For 2018, the target cash bonus opportunities for our executive officers were established as a percentage of their annual base salary. The compensation committee used external market data to determine the applicable target cash bonus opportunities for each executive officer. For 2018, the target annual cash bonus opportunities for each of our named executive officers, expressed as a percentage of his or her annual base salary, were as follows:

Corporate Performance Objectives – Financial Bonus Factor

For 2018, the compensation committee selected revenue and EBITDAO (as defined below) as the two measures of our corporate performance objectives to be used in determining the financial bonus factor that is used for the payment of annual cash bonuses. Growth in revenue and profitability are paramount objectives of our strategy and broad indicators of the success of our business. The compensation committee believes that rewarding these strategic imperatives through effective and appropriate compensation and retention tools yield the desired alignment with stockholder interests, including stockholder value creation. Accordingly, the compensation committee uses EBITDAO as its primary profitability measure, which is a non-GAAP measure that represents net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization and stock-based compensation. The compensation committee believes that EBITDAO provides a meaningful measure of core financial performance and supports our short-term and long-term business objectives.

Both corporate financial measures are weighted in determining the total financial bonus factor, with the opportunity to earn an annual cash bonus in excess of that level based on achieving performance superior to the target levels established by the compensation committee. The financial performance target levels used by the compensation committee in determining the 2018 annual cash bonuses were $636.0 million of revenue (representing a 16.9% increase over actual 2017 revenue) and $150 million of EBITDAO (representing a 13.1% increase over actual 2017 EBITDAO). The target matrix used by the compensation committee comparing revenue and EBITDAO at different performance levels was based on the company's revised financial guidance issued in June 2018 reflecting the dilutive impact of the SHYFT Analytics, Inc. acquisition, with each combination of revenue and EBITDAO providing for a specific payout level (not to exceed 250%). The bonus factors resulting from each combination of revenue and EBITDAO were, in the judgment of the compensation committee, appropriate, with the higher bonus factors achievable but nevertheless subject to a number of uncertainties and extraneous influences which could prevent their achievement.

After reviewing our 2018 revenue and profitability, and ascertaining the intersection of actual revenue and EBITDAO in the target matrix described above, the compensation committee determined a financial bonus factor of 98.5% for our corporate performance objectives, as reflected in the following table (showing target and actual revenue and EBITDAO reference points for the calculation, with intermediate points on the matrix interpolated). The compensation committee determined the financial bonus factor entirely through reference to the target matrix.

Reconciliation of Net Income to Non-GAAP EBITDAO

Individual Performance Objectives

For the individual performance component, payments are determined at the discretion of the compensation committee based on our CEO’s subjective evaluation of each individual’s performance (which involves both quantitative and qualitative considerations) and collaborative contribution to our overall success. For our CEO and President, individual performance was not a factor in determining their annual cash bonuses; their bonuses were based solely on our corporate performance.

At that time, the compensation committee also determined, based on its review of the recommendation of our CEO, that the individual performance objectives of each named executive officer had been attained at the following percentage levels.

Bonus Results

Based on its review of our overall corporate performance, and taking into account each named executive officer’s attainment of his individual performance objectives for 2018, the compensation committee approved bonus payments as follows for our named executive officers. Because the annual cash bonuses for our CEO and President were based entirely on our corporate performance objectives, their actual annual cash bonus payments were 98.5% of their target annual cash bonus opportunities, in accordance with the 98.5% financial bonus factor described above.

Long-Term Incentive Compensation

We believe that long-term performance is achieved through an ownership culture that aligns the long-term interests of our executives with those of our stockholders. Our incentive plans have been established and operated to achieve that objective. The compensation committee recognizes that while the annual cash bonus rewards management actions that impact short- and mid-term performance, the interests of our stockholders are also served by giving key employees the opportunity to participate in the long-term appreciation of our common stock through equity awards. In addition, equity awards are an effective tool for management retention because they are subject to vesting over an extended period of time and, in the case of stock options, provide for only a limited exercise period following termination of employment.

The annual equity awards granted to our executive officers are in the form of restricted stock awards and performance-based restricted stock units (“PBRSU”) awards. Generally, stock options are granted to our executive officers only as part of new hire awards. The compensation committee believes that restricted stock and stock unit awards provide a stronger incentive to create and preserve long-term stockholder value. Restricted stock and stock unit awards promote employee retention and stock ownership and also help manage stockholder dilution by using fewer shares than would result from the exclusive or principal use of stock options.

For 2018, 50% of the value of the annual equity awards granted to our executive officers was in the form of shares of restricted stock subject to time-based vesting conditions (annually over four years), and 50% of the value of such awards was in the form of PBRSUs, except for our CEO and President who received 35% of such awards in the form of shares of restricted stock subject to time-based vesting conditions (annually over four years) and 65% of such awards in the form of PBRSUs. The PBRSUs granted in 2018 (“2018 PBRSU Awards”) are to be earned at the end of a three-year performance period, with one-half of the award vesting based on our achievement of performance goals based on the Company’s GAAP Net Income Attainment subject to certain limited adjustments over a three-year performance period ending December 31, 2020 and one-half of the award vesting based on our relative three year TSR (December 31, 2017 – December 31, 2020) compared to the Russell 2000 Index. Each 2018 PBRSU Award represents a contingent right to receive 0% to 200% of the target number of shares of our common stock subject to the award.

To determine the size of each 2018 equity award, the compensation committee considered the recommendation of our CEO (except with respect to his own award and the award for our President), its assessment of each executive officer’s past performance and expected future contributions, competitive market data about similar awards for their respective positions, and its assessment of the retention value of each executive officer’s outstanding and unvested equity awards. The number of shares of restricted stock and PBRSUs awarded to our named executive officers was calculated based on the stock price value equal to the average closing NASDAQ market price for our common stock for the 30 trading days prior to the grant date, and, in the case of PBRSUs, reflects their value assuming performance at the target level.

The equity awards granted to our named executive officers (other than Ms. Larsen) in February 2018 and to Ms. Larsen in April 2018 were as follows:

The equity awards granted to our named executive officers in 2018 are set forth in the “2018 Summary Compensation Table” and the “2018 Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table” below.

Employee Benefits and Perquisites

In 2018, our named executive officers, like our other employees, participated in various employee benefit plans, including medical and dental care plans, a qualified Section 401(k) retirement plan, our employee stock purchase plan, life, accidental death and dismemberment and disability insurance, paid time off and other benefits. In addition, some of our named executive officers (along with all other trip participants from the company) also received de minimis travel expenses for a company-sponsored trip for spouses or significant others who attend our President’s Club sales incentive trips to accompany them, including a gross-up for income tax purposes for those travel expenses related to the President’s Club.

For further information about the employee benefits and perquisites provided to our named executive officers in 2018, see the “2018 Summary Compensation Table” below.

We do not generally differentiate the benefits we offer our named executive officers from the benefits we offer our other employees. In 2018, we did not maintain any benefit programs exclusively for our executive officers, such as executive pension plans, deferred compensation plans, supplemental insurance or other executive retirement benefits.

Post-Employment Compensation

We have entered into change in control agreements with each of our executive officers, including each of our named executive officers. These agreements require us to provide certain payments and benefits upon a qualifying termination of employment, which includes a termination of employment without cause or where the executive officer resigns with good reason, during the severance protection period, which begins on the date a definitive transaction agreement is signed and ends two years after the date of a change in control. The receipt of these payments and benefits are contingent upon the named executive officer’s execution, delivery, and non-revocation of a release and waiver of claims satisfactory to us following the termination of employment. In addition, for six months following termination of employment, and as a condition to the payments and benefits, the named executive officer must cooperate with any transition efforts that we request and must not disparage us, or our employees, executive officers, or members of our board of directors.

We believe that these agreements act as an incentive for our executive officers to remain employed and focused on their responsibilities during the threat or negotiation of a change-in-control transaction, which preserves our value and the potential benefit to be received by our stockholders in the transaction.

The agreements provide for payments and benefits which are payable only upon a “double trigger”; that is, only following a change in control of the company and a qualifying termination of employment, including a termination of employment without cause or a resignation for good reason.

For a summary of the material terms and conditions of the post-employment compensation arrangements with our named executive officers, see “Potential Payments upon Termination of Employment or a Change in Control” below.

Other Compensation Policies

Executive Stock Ownership Guidelines

Our board of directors has adopted stock ownership guidelines for our executive officers to help ensure that we maintain close alignment between the interests of our executive officers and those of our stockholders. Under our executive stock ownership guidelines, our CEO and President are each expected to own shares of our common stock valued at five times his annual base salary, and each other executive officer is expected to own shares of our common stock valued at two times his or her annual base salary. Each executive officer must achieve his or her applicable ownership levels on or before the fifth anniversary of his or her becoming an executive officer. At the end of 2018, all of our named executive officers were in compliance with their respective ownership guidelines.

These guidelines require that, if the individual’s stock ownership requirement has not been met within the required period, the individual will be required to retain at least 50% of all net shares of the company (after settlement of taxes and transaction fees) acquired upon future vesting of equity awards, until his or her minimum stock ownership requirement is achieved.

Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy

Our compensation committee has adopted an Executive Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy. Under this “clawback” policy, in the event that we are required to prepare an accounting restatement due to the misconduct of any covered executive officer (that is, our Section 16 reporting officers), we may seek to recover reimbursement of cash incentive compensation from each covered executive officer who, at any time after January 1, 2015 and during the three-year period preceding the date on which we are required to prepare the accounting restatement, received payment of such compensation based on the erroneous financial data. The amount of compensation to be recovered is the excess of the amount paid to the covered executive officer calculated by reference to the erroneous financial data, over the amount that would have been paid to the covered executive officer calculated by reference to the corrected financial data. In adopting this recoupment policy, our compensation committee elected not to include equity-based incentive compensation because of the complexity and absence of guidance as to how to calculate the recovery of equity incentives based on a relative TSR performance measure.

The compensation committee intends to amend this policy, as necessary and appropriate, to comply with the SEC’s final rules regarding the recoupment policies of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

Equity Award Grant Policy

Under our equity award grant policy, grants made in conjunction with the hiring of a new employee or the promotion of an existing employee will be made on the first trading day of the month following the hire date or the promotion date. Under certain limited circumstances, our board of directors or the compensation committee may approve equity awards that are exceptions to the policy. With respect to equity awards granted to existing employees other than in connection with a promotion, typically such awards are made on an annual basis. Our preference is for the annual equity award grants to be made in the first quarter of the calendar year to align the annual awards with the determination of the prior year’s financial results and performance reviews. Options are granted with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common shares on the grant date.

Generally, our annual restricted stock and PBRSU awards are determined as dollar amounts and then converted into shares or units (respectively) based on a stock price value equal to the average closing price for our common stock for the 30 trading days prior to the grant date.

Hedging Prohibitions

Our employees (including our executive officers) and members of our board of directors are prohibited from engaging in hedging transactions in our equity securities.

Tax Considerations

Section 162(m) of the Code places an annual $1 million limit on the amount that we can deduct for compensation paid to any of our “covered employees” (which, prior to 2018, included our named executive officers other than our chief financial officer). Prior to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “2017 Tax Act”), this $1 million deduction limit did not apply to qualifying performance-based compensation.

The 2017 Tax Act amended Section 162(m) of the Code to eliminate the exemption for performance-based compensation and to expand the definition of “covered employee” to include a company’s chief financial officer and certain individuals who were covered employees in any tax year beginning after December 31, 2016. These amendments are generally effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017—in our case, for 2018 and subsequent years—subject to transition relief for compensation paid pursuant to certain contracts in effect on November 2, 2017 that are not materially modified on or after that date. The transition rules contain uncertainties that prevent the compensation committee from definitively determining what future compensation (if any) will remain subject to the pre-2017 Tax Act provisions of Section 162(m), including the performance-based compensation exemption. Pending (or in the absence of) additional clarification of the transition rules, it is anticipated (although no assurance can be given) that the transition relief will apply to awards made under the 2017 LTIP on or before November 2, 2017 (to the extent the award is not materially modified on or after that date). The compensation committee continues to review the impact of the amendments to Section 162(m) of the Code on its outstanding awards and agreements.

The compensation committee believes that its primary responsibility is to provide a compensation program that attracts, retains and rewards the executive officers necessary for our success, as described above. The compensation committee may thus provide for the payment of compensation that is not fully deductible under Section 162(m) to ensure competitive levels of total compensation for our executive officers and to serve our and our stockholders’ best interests when we otherwise view such compensation as consistent with our compensation policies. Although the Section 162(m) performance-based compensation exemption has been eliminated (subject to limited transition relief), the compensation committee believes that a strong link between pay and performance is critical to align executive and shareholder interests. It is thus anticipated that, going forward, the compensation committee will continue to ensure that a significant portion of pay for our executive officers is at risk and subject to the attainment of performance goals, notwithstanding the expanded deduction limitations of Section 162(m) as amended by the 2017 Tax Act.

Risks Presented by Compensation Programs

We have reviewed our compensation policies for all employees, including employees who are not executive officers, as they pertain to risk, including factors listed above under “What We Do” and “What We Do Not Do,” and we have determined that our compensation programs do not create or encourage the taking of risks that are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our company. Several elements of the compensation program are designed to promote long-term stockholder value creation and incorporate components to mitigate risk, including a balanced mix of cash and equity compensation and annual and long-term incentives; multiple performance measures with payouts subject to the compensation committee’s overall assessment of performance; and equity compensation having a multi-year vesting period and weighted more heavily towards restricted stock than stock options to provide greater incentive to create and preserve long-term stockholder value. Based on its evaluation, the compensation committee has determined, in its reasonable business judgment, that our compensation practices and policies for all employees do not encourage excessive risk and instead promote behaviors that support long-term sustainability and stockholder value creation.

Compensation Committee Report

The material in this report shall not be deemed to be (i) “soliciting material,” (ii) “filed” with the SEC, (iii) subject to Regulations 14A or 14C of the Exchange Act, or (iv) subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. This report shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act, except to the extent the company specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.

The compensation committee has reviewed and discussed the Compensation Discussion and Analysis with management. Based upon such review, the related discussions and such other matters deemed relevant and appropriate by the compensation committee, the compensation committee recommended to our board of directors that the Compensation Discussion and Analysis be included in this proxy statement.

2018 Summary Compensation Table

The following table provides required information regarding the compensation in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 of (i) our chief executive officer, (ii) chief financial officer, and (iii) each of the next three most highly compensated executive officers. We refer to these officers as our named executive officers.

Note to the Summary Compensation Table: SEC rules require that the Summary Compensation Table include in each year the aggregate grant date fair value of all stock, option or other equity awards granted during that year, regardless of whether such awards were granted based upon the average closing price for the 30 trading days immediately preceding the grant or are subject to service- or performance-based vesting conditions. The value of the equity awards reported in the Summary Compensation Table is often very different from the actual realized and realizable/current values (if any amount is even earned) of such awards, and therefore the equity awards and total annual compensation data is not indicative of how the compensation committee views executive compensation for the corresponding year in its decision-making process. We encourage shareholders to review the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” for a full discussion about our executive compensation decisions for 2018.

2018 Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table

The following table provides information regarding grants of plan-based awards to our named executive officers during the year ended December 31, 2018:

Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2018 Table